Amasistimu ekhebula, ama-Hydraulic Systems, kanye ne-Fly by wire endizeni
Imboni yezokundiza ibone intuthuko emangalisayo phakathi neminyaka edlule, futhi enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokusungula izinto ezintsha iku izinhlelo zokulawula izindiza. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zendiza, lapho abashayeli bezindiza babeshintsha khona ngokulawula izindawo ngochungechunge lwamakhebuli nama-pulleys, kuya enkathini yesimanje lapho amasistimu e-elekthronikhi ayinkimbinkimbi elawula ukulawulwa kwendiza, inguquko ibilokhu ishintshile.
Lesi sihloko sihlola umehluko phakathi kwamasistimu ekhebula asebenza ngomshini, amasistimu asebenza ngamanzi, kanye nezinhlelo zesimanje zokundiza ngezintambo, sinikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kokuthi isistimu ngayinye isebenza kanjani kanye neqhaza lalo endizeni yesimanje.
Fly by Wire: Ukubheka Amasistimu Ekhebula Acushwe Ngomshini
Amasistimu ekhebula acushwe ngomshini amelela indlela yakuqala yokulawula indiza esetshenziswa endizeni. Lezi zinhlelo zithembele kunethiwekhi yezintambo, ama-pulleys, nokuxhumana kwemishini ukuze kuxhunywe izilawuli zomshayeli ku-cockpit endaweni yokulawula yendiza, njenge amaphiko, elevators, Futhi amaphini okuqondisa.
Kusistimu yekhebula eqhutshwa ngomshini, lapho umshayeli ehambisa amaphedali ejoka noma amaphini okuqondisa, isenzo sidonsa ngokuqondile noma siphushe izintambo ezixhunywe endaweni yokulawula. Lokhu kuxhumanisa kwemishini kuqinisekisa ukusabela okuqondile, okulinganayo kokufakiwe komshayeli, okunikeza umshayeli impendulo ethintekayo kanye nomuzwa wokulawula. Ukuba lula kwalezi zinhlelo kuye kwawavumela ukuthi aqhubeke esetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ezindizeni ezincane, eziyinkimbinkimbi kancane.
Izinzuzo Zezinhlelo Zekhebula
Izinzuzo zezinhlelo zamakhebula acushwe ngomshini zisekelwe ekululameni nasekuthembekeni kwazo. Enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi komshayeli nezindawo zokulawula. Lesi sixhumanisi esiqondile sinikeza impendulo esheshayo kumshayeli wendiza, okuvumela ukulawula okunembayo kwendiza. Ukwengeza, amasistimu amakhebula alula ukuwagcina nokuwalungisa. Ubunjalo bazo bomshini busho ukuthi bangahlolwa ngokubukeka ukuthi bagugile futhi badabukile, futhi ukulungiswa ngokuvamile kungenziwa ngaphandle kwemishini ekhethekile.
Enye inzuzo eyinhloko ukuzimela kwabo emithonjeni yamandla. Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ezisebenza ngogesi noma ze-fly-by-wire, amasistimu ekhebula acushwe ngomshini awanciki kugesi noma kumfutho we-hydraulic. Lokhu kuzimela kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokulawula luhlala lusebenza ngisho nalapho ugesi uhluleka, okuhlinzeka ngezinga lokungadingeki elibalulekile ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
Amasistimu ekhebula acushwe ngomshini nawo abiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindizeni ezincane lapho ubunkimbinkimbi nesisindo samasistimu athuthuke kakhulu kungase kungenzeki. Ukuba lula kwalezi zinhlelo kunciphisa kokubili izindleko zokuqala kanye nezindleko zokuzilungisa zesikhathi eside, okuzenza zibe ukukhetha okungokoqobo kwendiza evamile yendiza.
Ububi beCable Systems
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo, amasistimu amakhebula acushwe ngomshini awanazo izithiyo. Omunye wemikhawulo eyinhloko umzamo womzimba odingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe izilawuli, ikakhulukazi ezindizeni ezinkulu noma ngesivinini esiphezulu. Njengoba i amandla e-aerodynamic ukusebenza ezindaweni zokulawula kuyanda, umshayeli wendiza kufanele asebenzise amandla engeziwe ukuze azinyakaze, okungaholela ekukhathaleni komshayeli ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Okunye okungalungile ukuthi kungenzeka ukwehluleka kwemishini. Nakuba amasistimu amakhebula ngokuvamile ethembekile, angase aguge futhi adabuke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amakhebuli angahlakazeka, ama-pulley angaguga, futhi ukuxhumana kungaxega. Ukunakekelwa njalo kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo luhlala lusebenza kahle, futhi noma yikuphi ukwehluleka ohlelweni kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Ukwengeza, amasistimu amakhebula acushwe ngomshini anomkhawulo ekhonweni lawo lokuhlanganisa nesimanje ama-avionics kanye nezinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo. Esikhathini lapho izinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokulawula indiza ziba yinto evamile, imikhawulo yamasistimu ekhebula ngokuya ngokuzenzakalelayo nokuhlanganiswa iya ngokuya ibonakala. Lo mkhawulo ubenza bangafaneleki kakhulu ezindizeni zesimanje zezentengiselwano nezempi, lapho ngokuvamile kudingeke khona izinhlelo ezithuthukile zokulawula indiza.
Fly by Wire: Kuchazwa Amasistimu Asebenza Ngamanzi Asetshenziswa Ngomshini
Amasistimu we-hydraulic endizeni ayintuthuko enkulu ngaphezu kwezilawuli ezijwayelekile ezisebenza ngekhebula, ikakhulukazi ezindizeni ezinkulu nezisheshayo. Lezi zinhlelo ziyasetshenziswa uketshezi wokubacindezela ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokuhambisa izindawo zokulawula, ukunciphisa umzamo womzimba odingwa umshayeli wendiza nokuvumela ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana ngesivinini esiphezulu nokuphakama.
Kusistimu ye-hydraulic actuated mechanical, okokufaka komshayeli wendiza kudluliselwa ngezintambo noma izinduku ku- i-hydraulic actuator. Le actuator ibe isihambisa indawo yokulawula isebenzisa umfutho we-hydraulic, okhiqizwa amaphampu aqhutshwa izinjini zendiza. Uhlelo lusebenza ngezimiso zoMthetho kaPascal, othi ukucindezela okusetshenziswa oketshezini oluvalekile kudluliselwa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
I-Hydraulics kanye noMthetho kaPascal
Umthetho kaPascal iyisisekelo sezinhlelo zokusebenzisa amanzi ezindizeni. Ngokwalesi simiso, lapho ukucindezela kusetshenziswa oketshezini endaweni evalekile, leyo ngcindezi isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke uketshezi. Lokhu kuvumela amandla okokufaka amancane uma kuqhathaniswa ukuthi akhiqize amandla amakhulu kakhulu okukhiphayo, okuvumela ukunyakaza kwezindawo zokulawula ezinzima ngomzamo omncane ovela kumshayeli.
Ngokwezimo ezingokoqobo, lapho umshayeli wendiza ehambisa izilawuli ohlelweni olusebenza ngamanzi, amandla asetshenziswa kukholamu yokulawula noma amaphini okugwedla adluliswa ngomugqa we-hydraulic aye ku-piston ku-activator ye-hydraulic. Umfutho we-hydraulic fluid uphoqa i-piston ukuthi inyakaze, yona inyakaze indawo yokulawula. Lolu hlelo luvumela ukulawula okunembile kokuhamba kwendiza ngomzamo omncane womzimba.
Izinzuzo ze-Aircraft Hydraulic Systems
Amasistimu we-hydraulic ahlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezimbalwa ngaphezu kwamasistimu amakhebula acushwe ngomshini, ikakhulukazi ngokwamandla nokunemba. Inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuncishiswa komthwalo wokulinga umsebenzi. Amasistimu we-hydraulic angakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla abalulekile ngokufaka okuncane, okwenza kube lula ukulawula izindiza ezinkulu nezisheshayo. Lokhu kuncipha komzamo womzimba kubaluleke kakhulu endizeni enesivinini esikhulu, lapho amandla e-aerodynamic ezindaweni zokulawula emakhulu kakhulu.
Enye inzuzo ukunemba kokulawula. Amasistimu we-hydraulic avumela ukulungiswa okuhle ezindaweni zokulawula, okuvumela ukuphathwa kwendiza okushelelayo nokunembe kakhudlwana. Lokhu kunemba kubaluleke kakhulu ezindizeni zezentengiselwano nezempi, lapho ikhono lokwenza izinguquko ezincane, ezinembe endleleni yendiza zingabaluleka kakhulu.
Amasistimu we-hydraulic nawo athembekile kakhulu futhi aqinile. Zenzelwe ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, izingcindezi, nemithwalo. Ukwengeza, amasistimu asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi ayakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngokusebenza okungaguquguquki kuzo zonke izimo zokusebenza eziningi, okuwenza afaneleke kahle izidingo zendiza yesimanje.
Ukungalungi kweHydraulics
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zabo, amasistimu we-hydraulic anezinkinga ezithile. Enye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu ukuthembela emthonjeni wamandla. Amasistimu we-hydraulic adinga amaphampu ukuze akhiqize umfutho odingekayo, futhi lawa maphampu ngokuvamile ashayelwa izinjini zendiza. Uma kwenzeka injini ihluleka noma ukulahlekelwa umfutho we-hydraulic, isistimu yokulawula ingase ingasebenzi, okungase kuholele ekulahlekelweni kokulawula.
Okunye okubi wubunzima nesisindo sezinhlelo ezisebenza ngamanzi. Zidinga inethiwekhi yamaphampu, ama-actuator, ama-reservoir, nemigqa yoketshezi, konke okwenezela isisindo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi endizeni. Lesi sisindo esengeziwe singanciphisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, kuyilapho inkimbinkimbi ingaholela ezindlekweni zokulungisa eziphakeme kanye namandla amakhulu okuhluleka kwesistimu.
Amasistimu we-hydraulic nawo ajwayele ukuvuza, okungaholela ekulahlekelweni koketshezi olusebenzisa amanzi kanye nokulahlekelwa ukucindezela kwesistimu okulandelayo. Ukunakekelwa okuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho besistimu, futhi noma yikuphi ukuvuza kufanele kulungiswe ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehluleka kwesistimu.
Fly by wire: Kusho ukuthini
I-Fly by wire (FBW) imele ukugxumela phambili okubalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokulawula indiza. Ngokungafani namasistimu asebenza ngomshini, athembele ekuxhumekeni ngokomzimba phakathi kwezilawuli zomshayeli nezindawo zokulawula, amasistimu wokundiza ngezintambo asebenzisa amasignali e-electronic ukuze adlulisele okokufaka komshayeli. Lokhu okokufaka kucutshungulwa amakhompyutha angaphakathi, abese ethumela imiyalo kuma-actuator ahambisa izindawo zokulawula. Lolu hlelo luqeda isidingo sokuxhumana kwemishini, kunciphisa isisindo kanye nokuba yinkimbinkimbi ngenkathi kukhulisa ukusebenza nokuphepha kwendiza kukonke.
Igama elithi “Fly by Wire” libhekisela ekushintshweni kwezilawuli ezivamile zendiza ezenziwa ngesandla ngesixhumi esibonakalayo se-elekthronikhi. Ohlelweni lwe-fly by wire, ukunyakaza komshayeli wendiza kuguqulwa kube amasignali kagesi, adluliswa ngezintambo (okungakho “intambo”) iye kumakhompyutha okulawula indiza. Lawa makhompyutha acubungula amasignali futhi athumele imiyalo ehambisanayo kuma-actuator anyakazisa izindawo zokulawula. Lokhu kusetha akugcini nje ngokwenza lula uhlelo lokulawula kodwa futhi kuvumela ukuzenzela okukhulu nokuhlanganiswa nezinye izinhlelo zezindiza.
Amasistimu e-Fly by wire ngokuvamile ayingxenye ye-avionics ethuthukisiwe ehlanganisa i-autopilot, amasistimu okuphatha indiza, nezinye izilawuli ezizenzakalelayo. Lawa masistimu angathuthukisa ukusebenza kwendiza ngokwenza izinguquko zesikhathi sangempela endaweni yokulawula ngokusekelwe ku- isivinini sendiza, engamamitha, kanye neminye imingcele. I-Fly by wire iphinde ivumele ukusetshenziswa kokuvikela imvilophu yendiza, okuvimbela umshayeli wendiza ekwenzeni okokufaka kokulawula okungaholela esimweni esiyingozi, njengokweqa imingcele yesakhiwo sendiza noma ukungena endaweni yokudayisa.
Izinzuzo ze-Fly by Wire Aircraft
Amasistimu e-Fly by wire anikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, okuwenza abe yinketho ekhethwayo yezindiza zesimanje zezentengiselwano nezempi. Enye yezinzuzo eziphawuleka kakhulu ukuncipha kwesisindo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuqeda isidingo sokuxhumanisa kwemishini, amasistimu e-fly-by-wire anciphisa isisindo sisonke sendiza, okuholela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe kophethiloli nokusebenza.
Enye inzuzo ebalulekile ukuphepha nokwethenjwa okuthuthukile okunikezwa amasistimu e-fly by wire. Lezi zinhlelo zingabandakanya izindlela eziningi ezingasasebenzi zokudlulisa isignali, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwehluleka engxenyeni eyodwa yesistimu akubangeli ukulahlekelwa ukulawula. Ukwengeza, ukuhlanganiswa kokuvikela imvilophu yendiza kusiza ukuvimbela abashayeli bezindiza ekwenzeni izinto ezingase zibeke engozini indiza, kunciphise ingozi yezingozi.
Amasistimu wokundiza ngezintambo nawo avumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekwakhiweni kwendiza. Ngenxa yokuthi izindawo zokulawula ziqhutshwa amasignali e-elekthronikhi esikhundleni sokuxhunywa kwemishini, abaklami banenkululeko eyengeziwe yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwendiza nokwakheka kwayo. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza, ukuphatha, nokusebenza kahle kukonke.
Okokugcina, amasistimu wokundiza ngezintambo anika amandla okuzenzakalelayo okuthuthukile nokuhlanganiswa namanye amasistimu endiza. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuvumela ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana kwendiza futhi kunciphisa umsebenzi womshayeli wendiza, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuqondisa okuyinkimbinkimbi noma ezimweni ezimbi. Ikhono lesistimu lokulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo okokufaka kokulawula okusekelwe kudatha yesikhathi sangempela nakho kunomthelela ekusebenzeni kwendiza okushelelayo nangempumelelo kakhudlwana.
Ububi be-Fly by Wire
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, ukundiza ngocingo izinhlelo azinazo izinselele. Okunye okukhathazayo okuyinhloko ukuthembela ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi nesofthiwe. Nakuba lezi zinhlelo ngokuvamile zithembekile, zingaba sengozini yezinkinga ezifana nezimbungulu zesofthiwe, ukwehluleka kukagesi, noma izinsongo ze-cyber. Esimeni sokungasebenzi kahle kwesofthiwe, isistimu ingase ihumushe okokufaka kokuhlola ngokungalungile, okuholela ezenzweni zokulawula ezingahlosiwe. Nakuba izinhlelo zesimanje zokundiza ngezintambo ziklanywe ngezingqimba eziningi zokungadingeki ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi, ukuthembela kumasistimu kagesi ayinkimbinkimbi kwethula isethi ehlukile yezindlela zokuhluleka uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zemishini evamile.
Okunye okubi ukulahlekelwa yimpendulo ethintekayo abashayeli bezindiza abavame ukuyithola ngamasistimu acushwe ngomshini. Ekusetheni okuvamile, abashayeli bezindiza bangakwazi ukuzwa amandla asebenza endaweni yokulawula ngokusebenzisa induku yokulawula noma ijoka. Le mpendulo inganikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nokuziphatha kwendiza kanye nokusabela kokufakwayo. Amasistimu wokundiza ngezintambo, nokho, ngokuvamile antula lokhu kuxhumana okuqondile kwemishini, okusho ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza bangase bangalitholi izinga elifanayo lempendulo. Nakuba amanye amasistimu okundiza ngezintambo ahlanganisa izindlela zokwenziwa zempendulo ukuze alingise lawa mandla, angase angaphindaphindi ngokuphelele ama-nuances wokuxhumanisa okuqondile komshini.
Amasistimu e-Fly by wire nawo adinga ukuhlolwa okuqinile nokuqinisekiswa ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bawo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesofthiwe ne-hardware kumele kulawulwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlelo luziphatha ngendlela elindelekile ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zokusebenza. Lokhu kuhlola kungase kudle isikhathi futhi kubize kakhulu, okwengeze ezindlekweni eziphelele zokuthuthukisa nokuqinisekisa ukundiza ngendiza.
Okokugcina, amasistimu wokundiza ngocingo ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu ukuwathuthukisa, ukuwasebenzisa, nokuyinakekela uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini evamile noma i-hydraulic systems. Izindleko zokuqala zokuklama nokuqinisekisa impukane ngesistimu yocingo zingaba phezulu, futhi ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile kanye nemishini. Lezi zindleko eziphakeme zingaba isithiyo kubakhiqizi bezindiza abancane noma abaqhubi abangase bangabi nazo izinsiza zokutshala imali kubuchwepheshe obuphambili obunjalo.
Isiphetho
Ukuvela kwezinhlelo zokulawula izindiza ukusuka ezintamboni ezicushwe ngomshini kuye kumasistimu asebenza ngamanzi futhi ekugcineni ukundiza ngobuchwepheshe bezintambo kumelela inqubekelaphambili enkulu kwezokundiza. Isistimu ngayinye inesethi yayo yezinzuzo kanye nezithiyo, okubenza bafanelekele okuhlukile izinhlobo zezindiza kanye nezidingo zokusebenza.
Amasistimu ekhebula acushwe ngomshini anikeza ubulula, ukwethembeka, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko, ikakhulukazi ezindizeni ezincane lapho izimfuno zesistimu yokulawula zingenamandla kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, badinga umzamo owengeziwe ongokomzimba ovela kumshayeli wendiza futhi balinganiselwe ekhonweni labo lokuhlanganisa nama-avionics yesimanje kanye nezinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo.
Amasistimu asebenza ngamanzi ahlinzeka ngamandla nokunemba okudingekayo endizeni enkulu futhi esheshayo, ehlisa umsebenzi womshayeli futhi evumela ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana. Lezi zinhlelo ziqinile futhi zithembekile kodwa ziza nobunzima obukhulayo, isisindo, kanye nezidingo zokunakekelwa.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Fly by wire bumele ingqikithi yokulawula indiza yesimanje, enikeza isisindo esincishisiwe, ukuphepha okukhulisiwe, kanye nokuguquguquka okukhulu ekuklanyweni nasekusebenzeni. Naphezu kokuthembela kwayo ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi nesofthiwe, eyethula izinselele ezintsha, indiza ngocingo isibe indinganiso yezindiza eziningi zezentengiselwano nezempi ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo eziningi.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, ikusasa lezinhlelo zokulawula izindiza cishe lizobona ezinye izinto ezintsha ezakha phezu kwezisekelo zalezi zinhlelo ezikhona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuzenzakalela okuthuthukisiwe, ukuphindiselwa kabusha okuthuthukisiwe, noma izindlela ezintsha zokulawula, umgomo uzohlala kuwukwenza ukundiza kuphephe, kusebenze kahle, futhi kufinyeleleke kakhudlwana.
Uma uzifela ngezindiza futhi ufuna ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nalawa masistimu okulawula indiza athuthukile, ayikho indawo engcono ongaqala ngayo kune I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy. Ukuthi unentshisekelo kukho ekubeni umshayeli wendiza noma ukuthuthukisa amakhono akho amanje, I-Florida Flyers inikeza izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezizokuhlomisa ngolwazi nolwazi oludingekayo ukuze uphumelele embonini yezokundiza.
E-Florida Flyers, uzothola ulwazi olusebenzayo ngazo zombili izindiza zomdabu nesimanje, okukunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwamasistimu agcina izindiza zisesibhakabhakeni.
Xhumana nethimba le-Florida Flyers Flight Academy namuhla ku (904) 209-3510 ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokukhokhela isikole samabhanoyi.
