Amahora Okulingisa Izinsimbi: Ingxenye 142 Ivumela Kufika Ku-30

Udinga amahora angu-40 esikhathi sangempela noma esilingisiwe sethuluzi lokulinganisa izinsimbi, kodwa imigomo yokulawula ikhawulela ukuthi mangaki alawo mahora angavela kuma-simulators namadivayisi okuqeqesha angaphansi. 14 CFR §61.65. Umqeqeshi ogunyaziwe kumele aqaphele futhi asayine lolo qeqesho lokulingisa ukuze lubalwe, futhi Incwadi Yokugunyazwa (i-LOA) ilawula ngqo ukuthi idivayisi ngayinye ivunyelwe yini ukubolekwa. Sihamba ngezinombolo, imithetho yokubhalisa ngaphansi kwe-14 CFR §61.51, nokuthi yini okufanele uyiqinisekise ngaphambi kokuthi uthembele kunoma iyiphi yayo.

TL; DR:

• Isifundo seNgxenye 142 esivunyiwe yi-FAA sinyusa isibonelelo se-FFS noma se-FTD sibe amahora angu-30; ngaphandle kwalokho, zonke izigaba zamadivayisi zinomkhawulo wamahora angu-20.
• Isikweletu se-BATD sinqunyelwe emahoreni ayi-10 kanti isikweletu se-AATD sinqunyelwe kumahora angama-20, kodwa akekho umshini ongathatha indawo yesipiliyoni esidingekayo sendiza noma ongasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okusebenzayo.
• Bhala phansi imodeli yedivayisi, ireferensi ye-LOA esebenzayo, izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo, isiginesha yomfundisi, kanye nenombolo yesitifiketi; bhala phansi izindlela zokubhala ngokwehlukana uma ufuna imali yesipiliyoni sakamuva.
• Ngaphambi kokuqeqeshwa, qondanisa imodeli yedivayisi kanye nenombolo yochungechunge ne-LOA yayo, hlola imikhawulo kanye nokuphelelwa yisikhathi, bese ugcina i-LOA kanye ne-QAG ukuze zibuyekezwe.

Okuqukethwe

• Mangaki amahora okulingisa abalwa ngokuya okungenani kwethuluzi lamahora angu-40
• I-FFS, i-FTD, i-BATD, ne-AATD: lokho okunikezwa yidivayisi ngayinye ngempela
• Isikhathi sethuluzi lokurekhoda kahle encwadini yakho yokubhalisa
• Ukuqinisekisa i-LOA kanye ne-QAG yedivayisi ngaphambi kokuthi uthembe amahora
• Lokho abahloli abakuvumelayo ezivivinyweni ezisebenzayo
• Izifundo zokulingisa ezikhulisa ngempela isikweletu sakho
• Kungani isiyalo sokuthobela imithetho sibaluleke kakhulu njengekhono lokunamathela nokuqondisa
• Qedela isilinganiso sakho sensimbi ngokuqeqeshwa kweNgxenye 141 okwakhelwe eduze kwekhredithi ye-simulator
• Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
• Imithombo

Mangaki amahora okulingisa abalwa ngokuya okungenani kwethuluzi lamahora angu-40

Isilinganiso sezinsimbi sidinga amahora angu-40 esikhathi sangempela noma esilingisiwe sezinsimbi, futhi isabelo esibalulekile salokho singavela kudivayisi kunokuba sivele endizeni. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, umkhawulo ohlanganisiwe wama-simulators, amadivayisi okuqeqesha izindiza (ama-FTD), kanye namadivayisi okuqeqesha izindiza (ama-ATD) ungamahora angu-20, nge-14 CFR §61.65. Uma ukuqeqeshwa kwakho kwenzeka ngaphansi kwenkambo yeNgxenye 142 evunyelwe yi-FAA, i-§61.65(h)(1) ivumela isibonelelo esiphezulu esingafika kumahora angu-30 ku-simulator yezindiza egcwele (i-FFS) noma i-FTD.

Amadivayisi okuqeqesha izindiza anemikhawulo yawo emincane ngaphakathi kwaleso sakhiwo:

• I-Basic Aviation Training Device (BATD) inika isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora ayi-10 esilinganisweni sethuluzi.
• Idivayisi Yokuqeqesha Ethuthukisiwe Yezindiza (i-AATD) inika amahora afinyelela kwangu-20.
• Ngaphandle kwengxenye 142 engaphandle, i-§61.65(j) ivala isikweletu sedivayisi esiphelele emahoreni angama-20, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lawo mahora ahlukaniswe kanjani ezinhlotsheni zedivayisi.

Uhlelo lokuqeqesha olujwayelekile lungasebenza amahora angama-20 ku-AATD maqondana nezinqubo zezinsimbi kanye namaphethini okuphatha, bese kuqedwa amahora angama-20 asele esikhathi sezinsimbi endizeni, kuhlanganiswe izindlela zokusondela, izindlela zokuvimba, kanye nesidingo sokunqamula izwe idivayisi engakwazi ukusanelisa. Leyo nhlanganisela ifinyelela inani lamahora angama-40 ngenkathi ihlonipha yonke imikhawulo kumthethonqubo.

I-FFS, i-FTD, i-BATD, ne-AATD: lokho okunikezwa yidivayisi ngayinye ngempela

Isendlalelo Sokweluleka se-FAA AC 61-136A ichaza izigaba zedivayisi ezivela kulo lonke ukuqeqeshwa kweNgxenye 61 kanye neNgxenye 141. Isilingisi sokundiza esigcwele silingisa idekhi yendiza kanye nezinkomba zokunyakaza ngokwethembeka okuphezulu; idivayisi yokuqeqesha indiza ilingisa indawo ye-cockpit ngaphandle kokunyakaza okugcwele; kanye nedivayisi yokuqeqesha izindiza, ehlukaniswe yaba yi-Basic (BATD) kanye ne-Advanced (AATD), inikeza ipulatifomu engabizi kakhulu kodwa esaziwa yi-FAA yokuqeqeshwa kwenqubo.

Okubalulekile ngekhredithi ukuncishiswa kwelebula lesigaba sedivayisi kanye nekhono layo elibhalwe phansi:

• Ukuthembeka kwesistimu yokubona kanye nokunemba kwephaneli yezinsimbi kunquma ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi idivayisi engayilingisa ngokusemthethweni.
• Ama-AATD ngokuvamile asekela ukugeleza kwe-avionics okungokoqobo kanye nezinqubo ze-cockpit yengilazi kune-BATD.
• Isikhathi se-BATD noma se-AATD asikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo, futhi akukho ATD engathatha indawo yesipiliyoni sendiza esidingekayo njengokuhamba wedwa, ukusebenza ebusuku, noma ukusuka nokufika.

Abashayeli bezindiza belungiselela i- ushintsho lwe-cockpit yengilazi bavame ukuthola ukuthi izikhathi ze-AATD zakha ukushelela kwenqubo ngokushesha kunesikhathi sokuqala sendiza sodwa, okugcina amahora okundiza akhokhiswayo egxile emisebenzini idivayisi engakwazi ukuyilingisa.

Isikhathi sethuluzi lokurekhoda kahle encwadini yakho yokubhalisa

Ngaphansi kwe-14 CFR §61.51, ubhala isikhathi sethuluzi kuphela uma usebenza ngokubhekisela kumathuluzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokho kwenzeka ezimweni zezulu zangempela zethuluzi noma ku-simulator noma kudivayisi evunyelwe. Umfundisi obhala leso sikhathi njengemiyalelo emibili kumele asayine okufakiwe ngenombolo yesitifiketi sakhe, futhi okufakiwe kufanele kuhambisane ne-LOA yedivayisi lapho kufanele khona.

Ukufakwa kwelogi okuphelele kufanele kufake:

1. Uhlobo lwedivayisi kanye nemodeli, njengoba izincazelo ezijwayelekile ezifana nokuthi “i-simulator” zivusa imibuzo kamuva.
2. Inombolo yereferensi ye-LOA, uma idivayisi iyidinga ukuze uthole ikhredithi.
3. Incazelo emfushane yokuqukethwe kokuqeqeshwa, njengezindlela noma izinqubo zokubamba ezisetshenziswayo.
4. Isiginesha somfundisi, inombolo yesitifiketi, kanye nosuku.
5. Imininingwane yendlela ebhalwe ngokwehlukana uma uhlose ukusebenzisa iseshini ukuze ubheke imali yesipiliyoni sakamuva ngaphansi kwe-§61.57©.

Isisho sencwadi ye-logbook yemvelo singase sifundeke kanje: “Ukuqeqeshwa kwezinsimbi ze-AATD, izindlela ze-ILS ne-RNAV, izinqubo zokubamba, i-LOA #12345, okutholiwe kabili.” Lelo zinga lemininingwane likuvikela uma umhloli womshayeli oqokiwe (i-DPE) noma umhloli we-FAA ebuyekeza irekhodi lakho lokuqeqeshwa kamuva.

Ukuqinisekisa i-LOA kanye ne-QAG yedivayisi ngaphambi kokuthi uthembe amahora

Yonke idivayisi yokuqeqesha evunyelwe yi-FAA isebenza ngaphansi kweNcwadi Yokugunyazwa exhunywe kuMhlahlandlela Wokufaneleka Nokuvunyelwa (i-QAG), futhi le mibhalo ichaza ngqo ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi idivayisi engayinika udumo nokuthi isikhathi esingakanani. Ama-LOA ngokuvamile asebenza izinyanga ezingama-60 zekhalenda, futhi uhlu lwe-ATD oluvunyelwe yi-FAA kanye nesiqondiso sicacisa ukuthi izikhungo zokuqeqesha kumele zinikeze ikhophi kunoma yimuphi umshayeli wendiza esebenzisa isikhathi saleyo divayisi ukuthola isitifiketi noma isikweletu sokulinganisa.

Ngaphambi kokuthi ubhalise ihora elilodwa, qinisekisa okulandelayo nomhlinzeki wakho woqeqesho:

• Cela ikhophi yamanje ye-LOA kanye ne-QAG yedivayisi.
• Qondanisa imodeli yedivayisi kanye nenombolo yochungechunge nalokho okushiwo yi-LOA.
• Hlola usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kanye nanoma yimiphi imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa eshiwo.
• Gcina ikhophi kumarekhodi akho okuqeqeshwa, ehlukile kumafayela esikole.

Ithiphu le-Pro: Letha ikhophi ye-LOA esivivinyweni sakho esisebenzayo; abanye abahloli bayicela khona manjalo, futhi ukuyilungisa kugwema ukubambezeleka kokuhlela.

Lokho abahloli abakuvumelayo ezivivinyweni ezisebenzayo

Amadivayisi okuqeqesha izindiza awavunyelwe ukusetshenziswa esivivinyweni esisebenzayo se-FAA, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bawanike amahora amangaki ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwakho. Ama-simulators aphelele ezindiza kanye namadivayisi okuqeqesha izindiza angasetshenziswa kokunye noma konke kokuhlolwa kuphela uma ukuhlolwa kwenzeka ngohlelo oluvunyelwe yi-FAA, oluvame ukuxhunyaniswa nesikhungo sokuqeqesha seNgxenye 142 noma ukugunyazwa okuthile komhloli.

Imikhawulo embalwa ongayilindela uma isikole sakho sinikeza ukuhlolwa okusekelwe kumadivayisi:

• Abahloli bavame ukuvimbela inani noma uhlobo lwezindlela ezenziwa ku-FTD uma kuqhathaniswa nendiza.
• Amaphepha okugunyazwa kumele aqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba ukuhlolwa kuhlelwe, hhayi ngosuku lokuhlolwa.
• Umhlinzeki wakho wokuqeqesha udinga ukuqinisekisa kusengaphambili ukuthi inhlanganisela ethile yedivayisi nohlelo igunyaziwe kuhambo lokuhlola ohlela ukuluthatha.

Ukuhlanganisa lokhu kusenesikhathi nesikole sakho sezindiza kuvimbela ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe kabusha ngenxa yesikhala samadokhumenti.

Izifundo zokulingisa ezikhulisa ngempela isikweletu sakho

Iseshini yokulingisa ithola udumo lwayo uma iholwa ngumfundisi, yakhelwe phezu kwezindlela ezichazwe ngokucacile ezihambisana nemisebenzi ye-Airman Certification Standards (ACS), futhi ivalwe nge-debrief kanye nokufakwa kwelogi okusayiniwe. Ukuqeqeshwa ngaphansi kwesilabhasi yeNgxenye 141 noma yeNgxenye 142 kuvame ukuvula ikhredithi ephezulu yedivayisi kunemikhuba yesikhashana, njengoba ikharikhulamu ngokwayo yilokho i-FAA ekuhlolile lapho inika imvume yedivayisi yesikole.

Our uhlelo lokuqeqesha isilinganiso sezinsimbi Yakha amabhlogo okulingisa ngqo kusilabhasi yeNgxenye 141, ngakho-ke iseshini ngayinye ye-AATD ihambisana nomsebenzi othize we-ACS ngaphambi kokuba umfundi angene endizeni. Siphatha amadokhumenti e-LOA ngaphakathi, okususa umthwalo wokuphishekela amaphepha kumfundi.

• Hlanganisa ibhulokhi ngayinye yokulingisa nendlela noma inqubo ethile, hhayi "umkhuba wezinsimbi" ojwayelekile.
• Ukuxoxa ngokushesha ngemva kweseshini ngesikhathi isimo sisesisha.
• Qinisekisa nomfundisi wakho ukuthi yimaphi amahora edivayisi azofakwa ohlelweni lwakho lokuqeqesha izindiza.

Ithiphu le-Pro: Hlela izikhathi zakho ze-AATD ngesonto elingaphambi kwesifundo sendiza esihlanganisa uhlobo olufanayo lwendlela; ukuphindaphinda kuhlangana ngokushesha kunokuzihlukanisa.

Kungani isiyalo sokuthobela imithetho sibaluleke kakhulu njengekhono lokunamathela nokuqondisa

Ama-simulators afinyeza indlela eya ebuchwephesheni, kodwa kuphela uma amaphepha angemuva kwawo ehlala isikhathi eside. Sibone ukubaluleka kokufundisa kweseshini yedivayisi eqhutshwa kahle mathupha: ikhono lokuma isikhashana, ukuphinda, nokulungisa inqubo ngokushesha kusheshisa ukufunda ngendlela indiza engayivumeli kakhulu. Nokho, akukho lutho olubalulekile uma i-LOA iphelelwe yisikhathi noma okufakiwe encwadini ye-log kungenasiginesha. Phatha isiyalo sokulawula njengento engahlukaniseki nokundiza ngokwako, bese uhlanganisa isikhathi sedivayisi ngasinye nesipiliyoni sendiza imithetho esasidingayo.

— uRainer

Qedela isilinganiso sakho sensimbi ngokuqeqeshwa kweNgxenye 141 okwakhelwe eduze kwekhredithi ye-simulator

Sakha i- Isilinganiso sezinsimbi Ingxenye 141 Uhlelo ukuze amahora okulingisa kanye namahora endiza asebenze ndawonye ukufeza imfuneko yamahora angu-40, kanye nemibhalo ye-LOA ephethwe yithimba lethu kunokuba ikushiyele wena ukuthi uyilandele. Siphinde senze ukuhlolwa kwe-FAA endlini, okunciphisa isikhathi sokulinda phakathi kokuqeda ukuqeqeshwa kwakho nokuhlala isivivinyo sakho esisebenzayo.

• Buza ngemibhalo yamanje ye-LOA kanye ne-QAG yanoma iyiphi idivayisi efakiwe kusilabhasi yakho.
• Buyekeza indlela i-simulator evimba ngayo imephu yesimiso sakho sokuqeqeshwa kwezindiza ngaphambi kokubhalisa.
• Qinisekisa ukutholakala kwe-checkride yangaphakathi njengengxenye yomugqa wesikhathi wohlelo lwakho.

Xhumana nathi ngekhasi lethu lezifundo zokuqeqesha ukuze ubone ukuthi isilinganiso sezinsimbi singena kanjani ohlelweni lwakho olubanzi lokuqinisekisa.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Mangaki amahora okulingisa abalwa ngesilinganiso sezinsimbi?

Isikhathi esifinyelela emahoreni angu-20 esi-simulator, i-FTD, noma i-ATD ngokuvamile sibalwa ngokuya ngesidingo sethuluzi samahora angu-40 ngaphansi kwe-14 CFR §61.65, kanye namahora afinyelela kwangu-30 avunyelwe ku-FFS noma i-FTD ngaphansi kohlelo oluvunyiwe lweNgxenye 142. Isilinganiso sama-BATD emahoreni ayi-10 kanye nesilinganiso sama-AATD emahoreni angama-20 ngaphakathi kwalowo mkhawulo jikelele.

Uyini umthetho we-6-6-6 IFR?

Leli gama alilona igama lokulawula le-FAA, futhi alichazwanga ezintweni zokweluleka ze-14 CFR noma ze-FAA. Uma uhlangane nalo kwenye indawo, qinisekisa umthombo ngokumelene ne-14 CFR §61.65 kanye ne-§61.57, njengoba izidingo zokuhlangenwe nakho kwamuva kanye nezilinganiso zichazwe ngokucacile lapho.

Uyini umthetho we-FAA wamahora angu-1500?

Umthetho wamahora angu-1,500 ubhekisela esikhathini sokundiza esiphelele esivame ukudingeka ukuze ube nesitifiketi se-Airline Transport Pilot (ATP), imfuneko ehlukile kwesilinganiso esincane sethuluzi. Awuthinti indlela amahora okulingisa asebenza ngayo esilinganisweni sethuluzi ngokwalo.

Ngingayisebenzisa yini isikhathi sokulingisa ku-instrument checkride yami?

Amadivayisi okuqeqesha izindiza awavunyelwe ukuhlolwa okusebenzayo kwe-FAA. Isilingisi sendiza esigcwele noma i-FTD ingasetshenziswa njengengxenye yokuhlolwa kuphela uma ukuhlolwa kwenzeka ngohlelo oluvunyelwe yi-FAA, ngakho-ke qinisekisa ukugunyazwa nomhlinzeki wakho wokuqeqesha ngaphambi kokuhlela.

Yini umfundisi wami okufanele ayibhalise ukuze aqeqeshelwe izinsimbi zokulingisa?

Umfundisi wakho kufanele abhale phansi uhlobo lwedivayisi kanye nemodeli, noma yisiphi ireferensi ye-LOA esebenzayo, incazelo yokuqeqeshwa okwenziwe, kanye nesiginesha yabo enenombolo yesitifiketi, ehambisana ne-14 CFR §61.51. Le mininingwane ivikela ikhredithi uma okufakiwe kubuyekezwa kamuva.

Imithombo

• 14 CFR § 61.65 – Izidingo zokulinganisa izinsimbi.
• AC 61-136A — Ukuvunyelwa Kwamadivayisi Okuqeqesha Ezindiza Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo Ekuqeqeshweni Nasekuhlangenwe Nakho

Kunconywe

• 250 NM, Izindlela Ezintathu, Ukungena Okukodwa: Imithetho Yezwe Elihamba Ngezinsimbi ze-FAA
• Uhlelo Lokuqeqesha Isilinganiso Sezinsimbi Zabashayeli Bezindiza Abasebenza Ngazo
• Isifanisi Sendiza: #1 Ultimate Guide to Pilot Training
• Isikole Somshayeli Wezindiza Kanye Nendima YeSifanisi Sezindiza