Amaphiko endiza ahlukahlukene futhi ayinkimbinkimbi njengendiza anamathele kuyo. Umklamo wabo uyisimangaliso sobunjiniyela, ukuhlanganisa i-physics, i-aerodynamics, kanye nesayensi yezinto zokuphakamisa amathani ensimbi esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa akuwona wonke amaphiko endiza adalwe alinganayo. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaphiko zisebenzisa izinhloso ezahlukene, futhi ukuziqonda kubalulekile kunoma ubani onentshisekelo emkhakheni wezokundiza. Kulo mhlahlandlela obanzi, sizohlola izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zokugcina zamaphiko endiza nokuthi ahluke kanjani kwelinye.
I-Aircraft Wings Uhlolojikelele
Amaphiko endiza ayingxenye echazayo yanoma iyiphi imoto ehamba emoyeni. Ziwumthombo oyinhloko wokuphakamisa, ovumela izindiza ukuthi zisuke, zihambe ngomkhumbi engamamitha, kanye nomhlaba ngokuphepha. Amaphiko akuzona nje izakhiwo ezimile; they house control evele ezifana amaphiko futhi ama-flaps, okuvumela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi basebenzise i- iphimbo, ukugingqika, kanye nokuzamula kwendiza ngesikhathi sendiza. Ukwengeza, izimpiko zivame ukuqukatha amathangi kaphethiloli kanye nezingxenye zegiya lokuhlala, ezibonisa indima yazo ehlukahlukene ekwakhiweni kwendiza.
Ukubaluleka kwamaphiko endiza akunakugcizelelwa. Aklanywe ngokucophelela ukuze alawule ukugeleza komoya kanye nokucindezela, adala ukuphakama okudingekayo ukuze kunqobe amandla adonsela phansi. Uma kubhekwa ukwehlukahlukana kwezindiza - kusukela kumajethi okulwa amancane, ashesha ukuya ezindizeni ezinkulu, ezithatha uhambo olude - akumangazi ukuthi amaphiko afika ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ubukhulu, kanye nokucushwa.
Ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi bamaphiko endiza kubalulekile kubashayeli bezindiza, onjiniyela bezindiza, kanye nabathandi bezindiza ngokufanayo. Ziwumgogodla wangempela nongokomfanekiso wokusebenza namandla kwendiza, futhi ukuvela kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kubonisa intuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-aerospace kanye nokuqonda kwethu izinsimbi zendiza.
Ukuqonda Ukubaluleka Komklamo Wamaphiko Endiza
Ukuklanywa kwamaphiko endiza kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, namandla endiza. Ukuma, usayizi, kanye nokwakheka kwephiko kunquma izici zalo ze-aerodynamic, njengokuphakama, ukudonsa, nokuzinza. Lezi zakhiwo zibalulekile ngoba zithinta ngokuqondile ikhono lendiza lokundiza, ukuhambahamba, nokuthwala imithwalo ekhokhelwayo.
I-Wing design ibhalansi ethambile yezidingo ezincintisanayo. Isibonelo, amaphiko amade ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngokuphakamisa okwengeziwe futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu ngesivinini sokuhamba, kodwa futhi angangeza isisindo futhi anciphise ukuhambahamba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphiko amafushane angathuthukisa ukushesha kodwa angadinga amandla engeziwe ukuze alondoloze ukuphakama. Onjiniyela kufanele bacabangele lokhu kuhwebelana lapho beklama amaphiko ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindiza.
Esinye isici esibalulekile se-wing design yi- i-airfoil, ukuma kwephiko lesigaba esiphambene. I-airfoil ichaza ukugeleza komoya okuzungeze iphiko, kube nomthelela ekuphakamiseni nasekuhuduleni izici. Imiklamo ehlukene ye-airfoil ifanele izimiso zendiza ezihlukahlukene, njengesivinini esingaphansi kwe-subsonic, i-transonic, noma i-Supersonic, futhi kufanele ikhethwe ngokufanele ukuze ifane nephrofayili yemishini yendiza.
Indlela Amaphiko Endiza Athinta Ngayo Ukulawula Komshayeli
Kumshayeli wendiza, ukwakheka kwamaphiko endiza kuthinta ngokuqondile ukulawula kwawo endizeni. Ukusabela kwamaphiko kokokufaka okuvela endaweni yokulawula kuyisici esibalulekile sokuphatha. Lapho umshayeli wendiza elawula ama-ailerons noma ama-flap, ashintsha ukuma kwephiko ukuze aguqule amandla alo okundiza, okuvumela ukulawula okunembayo kokuhamba kwendiza.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo eceleni kwephiko - okwaziwa ngokuthi ukulayishwa kwephiko - nakho kunomthelela ekulawuleni. Amaphiko alayishwe kancane anganikeza ukulawuleka okwengeziwe kodwa angase akwazi ukungenwa kalula omawala futhi zidinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela. Amaphiko alayishwe kakhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, anikeza ukundiza okushelelayo ezimeni ezimbi kodwa angase angasabeli kahle ekulawuleni okokufaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuma kwamaphiko phezu i-fuselage (iphiko eliphezulu, iphiko eliphakathi, noma iphiko eliphansi) kuthinta ukuzinza kwendiza nezici zokugingqika. Lezi zici ziyahlangana ukuze zichaze okuhlangenwe nakho komshayeli wendiza lapho endizisa, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwakheka kwephiko lokulawula umshayeli.
Iqhaza Lamaphiko Ezindiza Ku-Flight Dynamics
Indima yamaphiko endiza idlulela ngalé kokugcina indiza iphezulu. Ziwusizo olukhulu ekushintsheni kwendiza, isayensi yamandla asebenza endizeni lapho indiza, kanye nokusabela kwendiza kulawa mandla. Amaphiko anikela ezicini ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuguquguquka kwendiza: ukuphakamisa, ukudonsa, kanye nomzuzwana.
Ukuphakamisa amandla akhuphukayo akhiqizwa amaphiko aphikisana namandla adonsela phansi. Inani lokuphakanyiswa elikhiqizwayo lincike engeli yephiko lokuhlasela, ukuma, indawo, kanye nokuminyana komoya. Ukuhudula amandla okumelana aphikisana nokunyakaza kwendiza emoyeni, futhi kuthonywa ukwakheka kwephiko kanye nobulukhuni bendawo.
Umzuzu ukuthambekela kwendiza ukuzungeza indawo yayo yamandla adonsela phansi, kuthintwa ukubekwa nokuma kwamaphiko. Ukwakheka kwamaphiko kungathuthukisa ukuzinza nokulawula, kuvumele abashayeli bezindiza ukuba bagcine izindlela zendiza ezifiselekayo futhi benze izinguquko ezidingekayo kalula.
Ichaza Izinhlobo Eziyisishiyagalombili Zamaphiko Ezindiza
Amaphiko endiza ahlukene, ngalinye linezici zalo ezihlukile kanye nezinzuzo zalo. Lapha sichaza izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili eziyinhloko zamaphiko endiza:
Amaphiko Aqondile: Amaphiko aqondile, aziwa nangokuthi amaphiko angama-rectangular, ayindlela elula futhi evame ukutholakala endizeni ehamba kancane. Inzuzo yabo eyinhloko iwukuba lula kwabo nokulula ukwakha. Amaphiko aqondile ahlinzeka ngokuphakamisa okuhle ngesivinini esiphansi futhi mahle kakhulu ekuthatheni isikhashana nokufika phansi (STOL). Kodwa-ke, bangakha ukuhudula okubalulekile ngesivinini esiphezulu, banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwabo endizeni esheshayo.
I-Elliptical Wings: Amaphiko ayi-elliptical abonakala ngokuma kwawo okubushelelezi, okusaqanda, okunciphisa ukudonsa okwenziwa. Isibonelo esidume kakhulu sephiko eliyi-elliptical sitholakala ku-Supermarine Spitfire, umlwi weMpi Yezwe II. Amaphiko e-Elliptical anikezela ngokuhambisa kahle kokuphakamisa, okungaholela ekusebenzeni okuhle kakhulu nokusebenza kokukhuphuka. Nokho, ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuyabiza ukuzenza.
I-Swept Wings: Amaphiko ashaneliwe ahlehliswa emuva ukusuka empandeni kuya phezulu, okusiza ukubambezela ukuqala kwamagagasi athusayo ngesivinini esidlulayo. Lo mklamo uvamile kumajethi asheshayo esimanje nakwezinye izindiza. Amaphiko ashanelwe anciphisa ukudonsa ngesivinini esikhulu, awenze afanelekele uhambo olude, olunesivinini esikhulu. Kodwa-ke, bangahlushwa yizinkinga ezifana ne-aeroelasticity futhi badinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwesikhungo sendiza samandla adonsela phansi.
I-Delta Wings: Amaphiko e-Delta akha umumo omkhulu ongunxantathu futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ezindizeni eziphakeme kakhulu, njengeConcorde. Bahlanganisa amandla aphezulu, ukuhudula okuphansi ngesivinini esiphezulu, nendawo enkulu yokuphakama. Amaphiko e-Delta angalawuleka kakhulu ngesivinini esikhulu kodwa angase abe nokungaphathi kahle kwesivinini esiphansi ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi.
I-Canard Wings: Amaphiko eCanard afaka ingaphambili elincane noma isethi yamaphiko amancane aseduze nangaphambili kwendiza. Lo mklamo ungathuthukisa ukuhamba kahle futhi unikeze ukuphakamisa okwengeziwe. Izindiza ezinamaphiko e-canard, njenge-Eurofighter Typhoon, zivame ukubonisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ngesikhathi sokulwa nokuhamba emoyeni.
Amaphiko Okuguquguqukayo: Amaphiko aguquguqukayo, abuye aziwe ngokuthi amaphiko okujika, angashintsha i-engeli yawo yokushanela ngesikhathi sokundiza. Lokhu kuvumela indiza ukuthi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwamaphiko kulo lonke uhla lwezivinini. I-F-14 Tomcat iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo sendiza enamaphiko ashintshashintshayo, eyivumela ukuthi iphumelele kukho kokubili ukulwa kwezinja ezinesivinini esiphansi kanye nokunqamuka kwesivinini esikhulu.
I-Tandem Wings: Amaphiko e-Tandem ahlanganisa amaphiko amabili amakhulu, elinye ngemuva kwelinye. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kunganikeza izilinganiso ezinhle kakhulu zokuphakamisa ukuze uhudule kanye nokuzinza. Nakuba engavamile ukusetshenziswa, amaphiko e-tandem angabonakala endizeni ethile yokuhlola ne-ultralight, njenge-Quickie Q2.
I-Oblique Wings: Amaphiko ama-Oblique awuhlobo olungavamile lapho iphiko elilodwa lishanela liye phambili kanti elinye lishanela emuva. Lo mklamo uhlose ukunciphisa ukudonsa okuphezulu ngenkathi ugcina ukusebenza kwe-subsonic. I-NASA AD-1 iyisibonelo sendiza enophiko olutshekile. Ngenkathi zithembisa ngombono, amaphiko e-oblique awazange abone ukutholwa okusabalele ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bawo kanye nezinselelo zokulawula.
Inani Lamaphiko Ahlukene Ezindiza Kubashayeli Bezindiza
Kubashayeli bezindiza, ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwezinhlobo ezihlukene zamaphiko kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukusebenza kahle kwendiza. Uhlobo ngalunye lwephiko lunikeza isethi eyingqayizivele yezici ezingaba nomthelela endleleni indiza ephatha ngayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zendiza.
Amaphiko aqondile nama-elliptical ahlonishwa ngokusebenza kwawo okuzinzile nokubikezelwa ngesivinini esiphansi, okuwenza alungele ukuqeqeshwa nezindiza ezilula. Amaphiko ashaneliwe kanye ne-delta aziswa kakhulu abashayeli bezindiza ezisheshayo ngokusebenza kahle kwabo kwesivinini esikhulu kanye nekhono lokusekela indiza ephezulu kakhulu.
I-Canard kanye namaphiko ashintshashintshayo ahlinzeka abashayeli bezindiza ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinketho zokulungisa ukusebenza kwendiza njengoba kudingeka, okuhlinzeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene phakathi nezigaba ezahlukene zokundiza. Amaphiko e-Tandem nawe-oblique, nakuba engavamile, abashayeli bezindiza banikeza izici eziyingqayizivele zokubamba ezingaba wusizo ezimweni zendiza ezikhethekile.
Ukuqonda izinzuzo nemikhawulo yohlobo ngalunye lwephiko kwenza abashayeli bezindiza benze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokusebenza kwendiza, okunomthelela ekundizeni okuphephile nokusebenza kahle kakhudlwana.
Ukuhlola Amaphiko Ezindiza Ezithile
Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukene zamaphiko zisetshenziswa kanjani, ake sihlole izindiza ezithile kanye nemiklamo yamaphiko eziyisebenzisayo:
I-Cessna 172 - Amaphiko Aqondile: I-Cessna 172 iyindiza yokuqeqesha edumile enamaphiko aqondile. Lo mklamo uhlinzeka ngokubamba okuzinzile nokusebenza okuhle kwesivinini esiphansi, okwenza kube nokuthethelela kubashayeli bezindiza abangabafundi.
I-Boeing 747 - Swept Wings: I-Boeing 747, okuyindiza eyaziwa kabanzi ngezohwebo, inamaphiko ashanele ayivumela ukuthi ihambe kahle ezindaweni eziphakeme kanye nesivinini, inciphisa ukudonsa kanye nokonga uphethiloli.
I-F-22 Raptor – Delta kanye neCanard Wings: I-F-22 Raptor isebenzisa inhlanganisela yamaphiko e-delta nama-canards ukuze izuze ukushesha okumangalisayo nokusebenza ngesivinini esikhulu nesiphansi, esifanelana nendima yayo njengesilwi somoya ophezulu.
I-B-2 Spirit - Iphiko Elindizayo: Ibhomu le-B-2 Spirit stealth lisebenzisa idizayini yamaphiko endizayo, okuyisigaba esikhethekile ngokwaso, ukuze kuncishiswe isigaba esiphambanayo se-radar futhi kukhuphule ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli ohambweni lwebanga elide.
Ngokuhlola lezi zibonelo, umuntu angaqonda indlela ukwakheka kwamaphiko okuklama ngayo izidingo ezithile nezindima zezindiza ezihlukahlukene.
Abashayeli Bezindiza Bazivumelanisa Kanjani Namaphiko Ezindiza Ezihlukene
Abashayeli bezindiza kumelwe bavumelanise amasu abo okundiza ukuze avumelane nezici ezihlukahlukene zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamaphiko endiza. Ukushintsha usuka kolunye uhlobo lwephiko uye kolunye kungadinga ukulungiswa okubalulekile kokuthi abashayeli bezindiza baphatha kanjani isivinini, okokufaka okulawulayo, nokuziphatha kwendiza phakathi nezigaba ezihlukene zokundiza.
Ngokwesibonelo, ukusuka endizeni enamaphiko aqondile uye kwenamaphiko ashanele kungase kuhilele ukufunda indlela yokusingatha isivinini esikhulu sokusondela kanye nokulawula amathuba okuba khona kwesihloko samaphiko lapho kuphenduka okuqinile. Ngokufanayo, ukushintshela endizeni enamaphiko e-canard kungase kudinge indlela ehlukile ekusukeni nasekuhlaleni ngenxa yezici ezihlukile zokuphakama kwephiko langaphambili.
Abashayeli bezindiza bavame ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ukuze babe nekhono ngezimfanelo ezithile zokuphatha zezinhlobo ezihlukene zamaphiko. Izifanisi nezindiza eziholwa othisha zibalulekile ekusizeni abashayeli bezindiza bakhe amakhono adingekayo ukuze basebenzise izindiza ezihlukahlukene ngokuphepha nangempumelelo.
Isiphetho
Ikusasa lomklamo wamaphiko endiza linamathuba ajabulisayo. Ngokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe nezinto zokwakha, onjiniyela bahlola imiqondo emisha efana ne-morphing wings, engashintsha ukuma endizeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, kanye nemiklamo ephefumulelwe nge-bio elingisa ukusebenza kahle kwamaphiko ezinyoni.
Njengoba izindiza ziqhubeka nokudlula imingcele yejubane, ukusebenza kahle, nekhono, ukwakheka kwamaphiko ngokungangabazeki kuzoba nendima ebalulekile kulezi zenzakalo. Ukuqanjwa okusha kobuchwepheshe bamaphiko kungaholela ezindleleni zezindiza ezizinzile, ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo, nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe nokunethezeka kubagibeli.
Vula Izimfihlo Zomklamo Wephiko Lendiza ku I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy. Zuza Isipiliyoni Sokusebenza Ngezinhlobo Ezihlukene Zamaphiko futhi Uphathe Kahle Ama-nuances E-Flight Dynamics. Phakamisa Amakhono Akho Okushayela Kuma-New Heights. Bhalisa Manje.
Xhumana nethimba le-Florida Flyers Flight Academy namuhla ku (904) 209-3510 ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-Private Pilot Ground School Course.
