Imithetho Yokubhabha Ebonakalayo: Isikhokelo Esipheleleyo Somqhubi Wokubhabha Ngokubona

Inkcazelo yemozulu ibukeka ilungile. Iisilingi ziphezulu, ukubonakala kuhamba iimayile ezininzi, kwaye isicwangciso sokubhabha siyafakwa. Emva koko inkungu iyakheka, umphezulu uyafiphala, kwaye umhlaba uba mdaka ngebala, kwaye umhlaba uba yintlama yamanzi eluhlaza kunye nombala onsundu. Kulapho ke iMithetho yokuHamba ngeNdlela ebonakalayo iyeka ukuba luluhlu lokuhlola kwaye ibe yisakhelo sokwenza izigqibo.

Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya lujonga i-VFR njengezinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngaphambi kokuba zisuke. Oko akuchaneki ngokupheleleyo. Le mithetho ilawula zonke izigaba zokubhabha, ukususela ekucwangciseni ngaphambi kokuba usuke ukuya kuthi ga xa uqonda ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba ukuphi.

Eli nqaku likubonisa indlela i-VFR eyila ngayo indlela yokuhamba, ukukhetha ukuphakama, kunye neenkqubo ezilahlekileyo. I-VFR ayilula. Yindlela ekufundisayo ukucinga njengomqhubi wenqwelo moya.

Zithini Imithetho Yokuhamba Ngebhanoyi Ebonakalayo Nesizathu Sokuba Ibalulekile?

Imithetho yeFlight ebonakalayo (VFR) yimithetho elawula ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya kwiimeko zemozulu ezibonakalayo (i-VMC), apho abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bahamba khona ngokujonga ngaphandle kwekhabhathi. imithetho elawula ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya chaza ukuba umqhubi wenqwelo moya angasebenza nini ngokusemthethweni ngokubona kungekhona ngezixhobo.

Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya lujonga i-VFR njengento efunekayo ngaphambi kokuba isuke. Oko akuchaneki ngokupheleleyo. I-VFR sisicwangciso sokwenza izigqibo esilawula zonke izigaba zokubhabha, ukusuka ekucwangciseni ngaphambi kokuba isuke ukuya kwiinkqubo ezilahlekileyo. Isiseko sisisiseko esilula: jonga kwaye uphephe. ​​Ugcina ukwahlukana nezinye iinqwelomoya, umhlaba, kunye nemiqobo ngokuzijonga.

Yile nto yahlula i-VFR kwiMithetho yokuHamba ngeNqwelo (IFR). Phantsi kwe-IFR, ubhabha ngokubhekisa kwizixhobo kwaye ulandele imiyalelo yolawulo lwendlela yomoya, nokuba awukwazi ukubona ngaphandle. I-VFR ikunika inkululeko kunye nokuguquguquka, kodwa ifuna ukuqonda rhoqo ngamehlo.

Wonke umqhubi wenqwelo moya uqala apha. uqeqesho lwabucala lomqhubi wenqwelo moya Yakha ubuchule be-VFR ngaphambi kokuba nabani na achukumise umsebenzi wezixhobo, kwaye imikhwa eyenziwe ngaloo maxesha okuqala idlulela kwiinqwelomoya. I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy yakha inkqubo yayo ye-PPL malunga nale nkqubela phambili, iqhuba ukuzulazula okubonakalayo ide ibe yimvelo.

I-VFR ikwayindawo yokuqala apho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bafunda khona ukwenza izigqibo phantsi kokungaqiniseki. Umaleko welifu osasazekileyo, umphezulu ongenanto, indlela exakekileyo, nganye inyanzelisa ubizo lokugweba. Elo gwebo lisakhono sokwenyani esiqeqeshwayo.

Phatha yonke inqwelo moya ye-VFR njengendlela yokuziqhelanisa nokubhabha nzima phambili. Ziqhelise ukuskena, ziqhelise ukubiza, ziqhelise ukujika ngaphambi kokuba uyifune. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abazakhela loo mikhwa kwangethuba ngabo bangakhathaliyo xa imozulu ivala.

Imilinganiselo ye-VFR: Imithetho yeMozulu ekugcina usemthethweni

Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya lukhumbula ii-minimum ze-VFR njengetheyibhile yamanani kwaye aluze lubuze ukuba kutheni amanani ekho. Loo nto yimpazamo enemiphumo yokwenyani. Ii-minimum azikho imida engacwangciswanga; ziyindlela yokubonakalisa ukuba umqhubi weenqwelo-moya udinga ixesha elingakanani ukuze abone kwaye aphephe ingozi.

Eyona mfuneko iphambili ilula: ukubonakala kufuneka kube kuhle ngokwaneleyo ukuze ukwazi ukubona izithuthi, umhlaba, kunye nemiqobo ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokusabela. Ukususwa kwelifu kukho ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba unokubona okuvela kuzo zonke iikona. Ezi zezona zinto zibalulekileyo. ubuncinci bemozulu ye-VFR esisiseko ezichaza ukubaleka okusemthethweni phantsi Imimiselo ye-FAA.

Amanani ayatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo obhabha kuyo. Kwindawo yomoya engalawulekiyo yeKlasi G engaphantsi kweenyawo ezili-1,200, udinga ukubona imayile enye kuphela kwaye ungabi namafu. Nyuka ungene kwindawo yomoya yeKlasi E kwaye imfuneko itsiba iye kwiimayile ezi-3 ngeenyawo ezingama-500 ngaphantsi, iinyawo ezili-1,000 ngaphezulu, kunye neenyawo ezingama-2,000 ezithe tye ukusuka emafini. Indawo yomoya yeKlasi B ifuna iimayile ezi-3 kwaye ingabi namafu, ngelixa iKlasi C kunye no-D zifuna iimayile ezi-3 ngemigama efanayo yelifu njengeKlasi E.

Iklasi nganye ye-airspace ineprofayili yayo yomngcipheko. Iklasi B ijikeleze izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezixakekileyo kweli lizwe, ngoko ke imithetho ifuna okungakumbi kuwe. Iimfuneko zokubonakala kunye nokususwa kwamafu zilinganiswa ngokwenani lezithuthi kunye nesantya seenqwelo-moya ezisebenza apho.

Abaqeqeshi beFlorida Flyers Flight Academy bafundisa abafundi ezi zinto zincinci de babe ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Awufuni ukujika-jika incwadi yesalathiso xa imozulu isondela kwaye kufuneka utsalele umnxeba.

Ingongoma enzulu kukuba ubuncinci bumgangatho, hayi ithagethi. Okusemthethweni akuthethi ukuba uhlakaniphile. Ukubhabha ngenqwelo moya okubizwa ngokuba yi-VFR ngokwasemthethweni kusenokuba yinto embi ukuba iimeko azikho nzulu kwaye umhlaba awuxoleli.

I-VFR vs IFR: Ukukhetha Imithetho Efanelekileyo Yohambo Lwakho Lwendiza

Inqwelomoya nganye isebenza phantsi komnye wemithetho emibini, kwaye ukhetho lubumba yonke into ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale. Imithetho yokubhabha ebonakalayo inika inkululeko engenakulinganiswa nokubhabha kwezixhobo, kodwa loo nkululeko inophahla oluqinileyo olubizwa ngokuba yimozulu. Isigqibo simalunga nokuba yeyiphi ehambelana nomsebenzi, ubuchule bomqhubi wenqwelo moya, kunye nesibhakabhaka esingaphambili.

Ukubhabha nge-VFR kuthetha ukuhamba ngemoto udlula kwinto engaphandle kwefestile. Umbono, umhlaba, indawo yelanga, kunye nezithuthi ezibonakalayo ziba luncedo kuwe ekuqhubekeni. Olu lolona hlobo lucocekileyo lokubhabha, kwaye kutheni wonke umqhubi wenqwelo moya eqala apha. Utshintshiselwano lufika xa amafu ekhula okanye ukubonakala kwehla, kuba imithetho enika inkululeko nayo iyayisusa xa iimeko ziwohloka.

imithetho yokubhabha kwesixhobo susa ukuxhomekeka kwihlabathi langaphandle. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya babhabha ngokubhekisa kwizixhobo, belandela imiyalelo echanekileyo yeendlela zomoya kunye ne-ATC endaweni yeempawu ezibalulekileyo. Oku kuvula imisebenzi engabonakaliyo kakhulu kunye nokuhamba kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, kodwa kufuna izakhono ezinzulu kunye nezixhobo ezingaphezulu. Uqeqesho lunzima, umthwalo womsebenzi uphezulu, kwaye umda weempazamo uncipha kakhulu.

Iinqwelomoya ezininzi ziqala phantsi kwe-VFR kwaye zitshintshele kwi-IFR phakathi kwendlela xa imozulu ivala. Elo tshintsho likhono ngokwalo, kwaye wonke umqhubi wenqwelomoya kufuneka aqonde zombini iiseti zemithetho yokwenza umnxeba ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Ukhetho lukwatshintsha isicwangciso sokubhabha: iindawo zokugcina amafutha, indlela yokuhamba, kunye nokuphakama konke kuyatshintsha kuxhomekeke kwimithetho esebenzayo.

Kwiphulo lokuqhuba inqwelo moya, impendulo ayithethi ukuba kukho enye okanye ezimbini. Imithetho yokubhabha kwezixhobo kuba yinto yokwenyani yemihla ngemihla yokubhabha ngobuchwephesha, kodwa ubuchule be-VFR benza olo tshintsho lube lula. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ababhabha kakuhle emafini ngabo baqala ukufunda ukuthemba amehlo abo.

Iintaba ze-VFR zokukhwela inqanawa: Imithetho yokwahlulwa ngokukhuselekileyo

Eyona nxalenye ingahoywanga kakhulu imithetho yendiza ebonakalayo Ayisiyo imozulu. Yindawo ephakamileyo oyikhethayo xa ubhabha emoyeni. Elo khetho liza kugqiba ukuba udibana na neemoto ezizayo ngqo okanye udlule ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphezu kwayo.

Umthetho we-hemispheric ulula: iinqwelomoya eziya empuma zibhabha amawaka angaqhelekanga kunye neenyawo ezingama-500, iinqwelomoya eziya entshona zibhabha amawaka kunye neenyawo ezingama-500. Inqwelomoya eya emantla-mpuma kwiinyawo ezingama-5,500 ayisoze yabelane ngokuphakama kunye nenye eya emazantsi-ntshona. Le nkqubo iguqula umngcipheko wokungqubana okunemilinganiselo emibini ibe yingxaki yokwahlukana okunemilinganiselo enye.

Lo mthetho usebenza ngaphezulu kwe-3,000 feet AGL kunye nangaphantsi kwe-18,000 feet MSL, apho kuqala khona ukutshintshela kwimithetho yezixhobo. Ngaphantsi kwelo band, umhlaba kunye nokususwa kwemiqobo kuqala. IKhanada ilandela le ndlela ifanayo, ngoko ke ukuwela umda akufuneki kuphinde kufundwe le patheni.

Ngexesha ucwangciso lwendiza, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babale indlela yemagnethi baze bajikeleze baye kwi-odd okanye iwaka elikufutshane. Indlela ye-178-degree isiya empuma. Indlela ye-182-degree isiya entshona. Umahluko kwiidigri ezine utshintsha ukuphakama kwakho ngeenyawo ezili-1,000.

Into uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abayiphosi kukuba lo mthetho uyakukhusela nokuba akukho mntu uwulandelayo. Ukwahlulwa kokuphakama kusebenza kuphela xa zombini iinqwelomoya zithobela. Umqhubi omnye obhabha kwindawo engafanelekanga uyayicima yonke i-margin.

Jonga ukuphakama ngaphambi kokuba ujonge imozulu rhoqo ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe. Lo mkhwa uthatha imizuzwana elishumi kwaye ususa unobangela oqhelekileyo wokudibana kwendiza emoyeni xa ibhabha nge-VFR.

Le ndlela yokufunda iphumelela kakhulu kwiindawo ezixineneyo zomoya ezifana neSouth Florida, apho izithuthi zoqeqesho kunye nokufika kweenqwelo-moya zabelana ngeepaseji ezifanayo. Abafundi beFlorida Flyers Flight Academy bafunda oku kwangethuba kuba umkhwa kufuneka ube ngozenzekelayo ngaphambi kokuba ukhuseleke. Xa ubhabha wedwa, ulwazi lokuphakama kufuneka lube yinto yendalo njengokujonga iigeyiji zepetroli.

Imithetho Yokubhabha Ephantsi: Ungabhabha Nini Ngaphantsi Kweenyawo Eziyi-1,000?

Imithetho yokuphakama elawula ukubhabha kwinqanaba eliphantsi kulapho imithetho yokubhabha ebonakalayo iba krakra khona. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayaziva ezi mithetho emathunjini abo kuba iziphumo zokungayinaki zikhawuleza kwaye azixoleli.

Umthetho wee-500-foot: Umgangatho wakho oNgagqibekanga

Phezu kwabantu, iinqanawa, izithuthi, kunye nezakhiwo, umgangatho umi kwiimitha ezingama-500. Loo mgama awuxhomekekanga kwisigqibo. Unika umqhubi ukuphakama okwaneleyo ukuba akwazi ukusabela xa injini ingasebenzi okanye xa umoya utshintsha ngequbuliso.

Iindawo Ezixineneyo Zifuna Umgama Ophindwe Kabini

Iindawo ezakhiweyo zitshintsha izibalo ngokupheleleyo. Iindawo ezixineneyo, iindlela ezixakekileyo, kunye neendawo zorhwebo ezixineneyo zifuna indawo evulekileyo kangangeenyawo ezili-1,000. Abantu abaninzi emhlabeni bathetha ubomi obuninzi ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle. Ukuphakama kwentaba yeyona nqubomgomo yomshuwalense kuphela enomqhubi wenqwelo-moya ohamba kancinci.

Ukusuka nokufika: Imeko Engaqhelekanga Esemthethweni

Yonke imithetho ifuna indlela yokuphuma. Iinqwelo-moya ezithatha uhambo lokuya nokufika azinazo ezi zinto zincinci kuba indlela yokufika ifuna loo nto. Indlela yokufika ngokwemvelo yehla kumgangatho weemitha ezingama-500. Oku kukho umahluko ukuze abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo, kungekhona njengesithuba sokubona indawo.

IiHelikopta kunye ne-Ag Ops: Imithetho eyahlukeneyo, Umsebenzi ofanayo

Iihelikopta kunye nabaqhubi bezolimo bafumana unyango olukhethekileyo phantsi kwemithetho. Inyani yokusebenza kwazo yahlukile kwiinqwelo-moya ezinamaphiko azinzileyo, ngoko ke imithetho iyaguquguquka ukuze ivumelane nayo. Umsebenzi wokuphepha ukubeka abantu emngciphekweni emhlabeni awuguquguquki.

Imithetho ye-EU: Imilo Eqhelekileyo, Iinkcukacha Ezahlukeneyo

Imithetho yaseYurophu ifana nendlela yaseMelika kodwa ineenkalo zayo. Umgaqo ophambili usebenza kuzo zombini iinkqubo: ukukhusela abantu kunye nempahla emhlabeni. Isikhokelo esisemthethweni se-FAA ichaza indlela i-US etolikwa ngayo, ngelixa i-EASA isebenzisa isakhelo sayo. Icandelo 91 imisebenzi eMelika balandela ulwakhiwo lwe-FAA, kodwa umqhubi wenqwelo moya owela iAtlantiki kufuneka afunde kwakhona amanani. Ingqiqo yokhuseleko iyadluliselwa. Amanani achanekileyo awanjalo.

Iinkqubo Ezilahlekileyo: Ii-5 C Ezinokusindisa Inqwelo-moya Yakho

Ukulahleka phantsi kweMithetho yokuHamba ngeNdlela ebonakalayo akukokusilela kwesakhono. Kukusilela kwenkqubo, kwaye ii-5 C zikhona ukuze kuthathelwe indawo uloyiko ngenkqubo. Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayalitsiba inyathelo lokuqala kuba lilimaza ikratshi, kwaye loo nto ishiyekileyo iguqula impazamo yokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya ibe yimeko engxamisekileyo.

Inyathelo 1. Vuma. Thetha la mazwi ngokuvakalayo, kuwe okanye nakubani na rhoqo: ulahlekile. Eli lelona nyathelo linzima kuba lifuna ukuvuma impazamo phakathi kohambo. Ukwala ukuvuma izono yeyona nto iphambili ebangela ukuba abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya balahleke babhabhe kude noncedo.

Inyathelo 2. Nyuka. Nyuka phezulu ukuze uphucule ukubonakala kwakho kweendawo ezibalulekileyo kunye nomgama wakho wokwamkela irediyo. Iinyawo ezimbalwa ezongezelelweyo zinokuguqula indawo edidayo ibe yimephu eyaziwayo. Oku kuthenga ixesha, elikuphela kwesixhobo ongenakukwazi ukusenza.

Inyathelo 3. Gcina. Tsala umbane ubuyele kwindawo egcina amafutha kakuhle kwaye ulungise ukuze ukwazi ukunyamezela kakuhle. Yonke iminithi yexesha elongezelelekileyo lokuhambahamba ngumzuzu onokuwusebenzisa ukutshintsha indlela okanye ukufumana ulwalathiso. Eli nyathelo libaluleke kakhulu xa ukude nendawo oya kuyo kungekho thuba libonakalayo lokubuyela umva ngokukhawuleza.

Inyathelo 4. Nxibelelana. Nxibelelana nolawulo lwendlela yenqwelomoya okanye isikhululo senkonzo yeenqwelomoya rhoqo ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Abalawuli banezixhobo ongenazo, kuquka i-radar kunye nezixhobo zokufumana indlela ezinokubonisa indawo okuyo. Kwanothumelo olungcolileyo lubanika into yokusebenza.

Inyathelo 5. Thobela. Landela imiyalelo oyifumanayo ngaphandle kokuqikelela. Abalawuli banokukukhokelela kwindawo eyaziwayo, i-VOR, okanye isikhululo seenqwelo-moya esikufutshane. Umsebenzi wakho kukuqhuba inqwelo-moya uze ubavumele basombulule iphazili yokuhamba.

Ezi nyathelo zintlanu zigxunyekwe kuzo zonke uqeqesho lokulingisa abafundi Inkqubo kuba iyasebenza. I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy iqeqesha abafundi ngezi nkqubo zichanekileyo kwi-PPL nakwiikhosi zorhwebo, iqinisekisa ukuba impendulo yimemori yemisipha ngaphambi kokuba ifuneke. Umahluko phakathi komqhubi wenqwelo moya olahlekileyo nokhuselekileyo asilothamsanqa; kukuba nolandelelwano olulungisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba imeko ifune.

Ukuqonda ifayile ye- umahluko phakathi kwemithetho yokubhabha Akunamsebenzi kangako ukuba awukwazi ukubuyela kwimpazamo yokujonga inqwelo moya phantsi kwe-VFR. Yazi ii-5 C's kwaye i-cockpit iba yindawo apho iingxaki zisonjululwa khona, hayi apho uloyiko luthatha indawo khona.

Ngaba Ungabhabha Ubonakala Ngeemayile Ezi-6? Impendulo Ingakumangalisa

Ukubona iikhilomitha ezintandathu kubonakala ngathi lusuku olugqibeleleyo lokubhabha. Phantsi kweMithetho yokubhabha ebonakalayo, kusemthethweni phantse kuzo zonke iiklasi zeenqwelo-moya, kodwa elo nani licocekileyo lifihla umbuzo wokwenyani abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abafanele bawubuze ngaphambi kokuba baqalise.

Umfanekiso wokubonakala uchaza inxalenye yebali kuphela. Iimfuneko zokususwa kwamafu zinobunzima obulinganayo, kwaye umqhubi wenqwelo moya ogxile kuloo ngxelo yeemayile ezintandathu unokuphoswa ngumaleko ogqunywe yinkungu obangela ukuba uhambo lungabi semthethweni ngaphambi kokuba amavili ashiye indlela yokubhabha.

Cinga ngemeko eqhelekileyo: ukubonakala kweemayile ezintandathu, kodwa amafu asasazekileyo ahleli kwiimitha eziliwaka. Kwindawo yomoya yeKlasi E engaphantsi kweemitha eziliwaka ezilishumi, imfuneko ayifani namafu. Loo maleko asasazekileyo unyanzelisa isigqibo: ukuhlala ngaphantsi kwawo, ukunyuka ngaphezu kwawo, okanye ukurhoxisa. Inani lokubonakala alitshintshi, kodwa isiphumo somthetho siyatshintsha ngokupheleleyo.

ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zesithuba somoya ifuna imigangatho eyahlukileyo. I-airspace yeKlasi B, eyona ixakekileyo kweli lizwe, ifuna ukubonakala kweekhilomitha ezintlanu kunye nokungafihli kwamafu. Iikhilomitha ezintandathu ziyawususa loo mngxuma, kodwa iingxelo ezikufutshane nezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezixakekileyo zihlala zithetha ukuba isilingi siyehla ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bekuxelwe kwangaphambili.

Ukubonakala kuxelwa kwiimayile zomthetho, kungekhona kwiimayile zaselwandle. Loo mahluko ubalulekile xa umqhubi wenqwelo moya efunda ingxelo ebonisa iimayile ezintandathu aze acinge ukuba iimeko ziyahambelana. Imithetho yokubhabha ye-VFR Bafunde. Imozulu ingatshintsha ngokukhawuleza kunalo naluphi na uhlaziyo lwengcaciso, kwaye umqhubi wenqwelo moya ophatha ingxelo njengesiqinisekiso endaweni yokuba yifoto nje ubhabha ngokwezinto ebezicingelwa.

Uvavanyo lokwenyani luza xa ezo khilomitha zintandathu ziqala ukuncipha. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ongakwaziyo ukuchaza iimfuno zokususwa kwelifu kwindlela yakhe akanalo ishishini lokuxhomekeka kwinani lokubonakala kuphela. Ixabiso eliphantsi elisemthethweni liphantsi, kungekhona isithembiso sokhuseleko.

Yila i-VFR kwaye wakhe indlela yakho eya kwindawo yokuqhuba i-cockpit

Imithetho yokubhabha ebonakalayo yindlela yokwenza izigqibo exhomekeke kuyo yonke inqwelo moya. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya oyaziyo kakuhle akahlali nje esesikweni. Loo mqhubi wenqwelo moya wakha isigwebo esiza kufunwa luqeqesho lwezixhobo kunye nokusebenza kweenqwelo moya kamva.

Iyure nganye echithwayo ibandakanya imithetho yokubhabha ebonakalayo. Izigqibo zemozulu ziyakhawuleza. Iinkqubo ezilahlekileyo ziyazenzekela. I-cockpit iba yindawo apho ukungaqiniseki kudibana nempendulo eqeqeshiweyo, kungekhona eqandisiweyo. Lowo ngumahluko phakathi komqhubi wenqwelo moya obhala iiyure zakhe nomntu owakha umsebenzi wakhe.

Inyathelo elilandelayo lelokulinga. Funda imithetho ide ibonakale ingenamsebenzi. Ziqhelise le meko ide ibe yinto ekruqulayo. Emva koko fumana iinkqubo zoqeqesho ngenqwelomoya ezithatha ubuchule be-VFR njengesiseko, kungekhona ibhokisi yokujonga. I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy yakha kanye loo nkqubela phambili, ukusuka kwi-private pilot ukuya kwi-ATP. Umqhubi oza kuba nguye uqala ngemithetho oyaziyo namhlanje.