I-Aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya: I-#1 Esona siKhokelo saBafundi beePilothi

Ukuba ufuna ukubhabha kakuhle, kufuneka uqonde ukuba inqwelomoya isebenza njani na. Kwaye oko kuqala ngento enye: i-aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelomoya.

Nokuba uqeqeshelwa wakho Ilayisensi yokuLitha yaBucala (PPL) okanye ukuya kwisatifikethi sorhwebo, iAerodynamics sisiseko sayo yonke into oya kuyenza kwindawo yokulala—ukususela ekundulukeni kwakho kokuqala ukuya kwiinkqubo zakho zikaxakeka.

I-FAA ayiyiphathi njengethiyori. Bayayivavanya, bayayiqeqesha, yaye balindele ukuba uyiqabe—emoyeni, kungekhona nje ephepheni.

Esi sikhokelo sichaza yonke into ekufuneka uyazi: imikhosi emine yokubhabha, i-angle yohlaselo, izitali, uzinzo, iziphumo zemozulu, kunye nendlela enxibelelana ngayo nawe. jonga.

Ukuba uzimisele ngokuba ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya obukhali, ozithembileyo—kulapho ilifti iqala khona.

Yintoni i-aerodynamics? Inkcazo elula yabaqhubi beenqwelomoya

Embindini wayo, i-aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelomoya imalunga nokuqonda indlela umoya ohamba ngayo ujikeleze inqwelomoya-kunye nendlela loo ntshukumo idala ngayo amandla ayivumela ukuba ibhabhe.

Akukho malunga neeequations okanye ithiyori ngenxa yethiyori. Imalunga nolawulo. Lonke ujiko, ukunyuka, ukuhla, kunye nokuhla okwenzayo kulawulwa yindlela olawula ngayo ukuhamba komoya, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuxhathisa.

In uqeqesho lokulinga, i-aerodynamics ithetha ukwazi njani kwaye ngoba inqwelo-moya isabela kwigalelo—kungekhona nje Intoni iya. Uya kukusebenzisa oku ngalo lonke ixesha ulungisa ilifti, ulungele ukunqumla umoya, okanye uqaphela indawo yokutyela esondelayo.

Yicinge njengesakhiwo esingabonakaliyo emva kwayo yonke indiza ephumelelayo.

Amandla amane okubhabha - umqolo we-aerodynamics

Yonke inqwelomoya eshukumayo ichatshazelwa ngamandla amane asisiseko aerodynamic:

• Nyusa: Amandla aphezulu avela ngamaphiko aphikisana nomxhuzulane. Yinto ekugcina emoyeni.
• ubunzima: Amandla omxhuzulane atsalela inqwelo moya ezantsi. Oku kufuneka kulinganiswe ngokuphakamisa ukugcina inqwelomoya esemgangathweni.
• Ugxininiso: Amandla angaphambili aveliswe yi-injini kunye ne-propeller, ukoyisa ukutsalwa.
• Tsala: Ukumelana nomoya ukutyhala inqwelo-moya njengoko isiya phambili.

La mandla asebenzi ngokwahlukeneyo—ahlala enxibelelana. Ukuphakanyiswa okungaphezulu ngokuqhelekileyo kuthetha ukutsalwa okungaphezulu. Umlo we-Trust uyatsala, kodwa ikwachaphazela ukuphakama ngokuxhomekeke kwisantya somoya kunye ne-angle yohlaselo.

Njengomfundi wenqwelomoya, kufuneka uqonde ukuba la mandla atshintsha njani ngexesha lokwenyani-ngexesha lokuhamba, ukujika, ukunyuka, kunye nokwehla. Eso sisiseko sobuchule bokusebenza kwe-aerodynamics kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya.

I-angle yokuhlaselwa, i-stalls, kunye nelahleko yokuphakamisa ichazwe

Omnye wemigaqo ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-aerodynamics kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya kukuqonda i-angle yokuhlasela (AOA)- kunye nendlela echaphazela ngayo ngokuthe ngqo ukunyuswa kunye neendawo zokuhlala.

I-engile yohlaselo yi-engile phakathi komgca wephiko lechord kunye nomoya ohambelanayo. Njengoko i-AOA isanda, ngokunjalo iphakamisa-ukuya kwindawo. Emva kokuba ugqithise i-angle ebalulekileyo yokuhlaselwa, ukuhamba komoya phezu kwephiko kuyahlukana, ukuphakamisa ukwehla ngokukhawuleza, kunye neenqwelo zeenqwelomoya.

Wonke umqhubi wenqwelo-moya womfundi kufuneka afunde ukuqaphela izilumkiso ze-stall kwaye alulame ngokukhawuleza. Nokuba ubhabha iCessna 172 okanye iPiper Archer, indlela yokuziphatha emoyeni iyafana: inowuthi egqithisileyo, ephantsi. isantya somoya, kunye nokungonelanga komoya = ukuzinza.

I-FAA ifuna ukuba ungaqondi kuphela le ngcamango kodwa uyibonise ngokubhabha. I-angle yokubamba yohlaselo ayixoxisi kwi-aerodynamics kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya-kwaye sesinye sezihloko ezivavanyiweyo kwi-checkride ye-PPL.

Uzinzo kunye nolawulo: Iinqwelomoya zihlala njani zilungelelene

Enye ingcamango engundoqo kwi-aerodynamics kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuzinza-indlela inqwelo-moya exhathisa ngayo isindululo esingafunekiyo kwaye ibuyele kwindlela yokubhabha ezinzileyo ngaphandle kokufaka igalelo lokulawula rhoqo.

Zintathu iindidi zozinzo ekufuneka uzazi:

• Uzinzo longitudinal (i-pitch): Ilawulwa yi-horizontal stabilizer kunye ne-elevator.
• Uzinzo lwasemva (umqulu): Uphenjelelwa luyilo lwephiko le-dihedral.
• Uzinzo lwendlela (yaw): Ilawulwa sisizinzisi esithe nkqo kunye nerudder.

Uzinzo olulambathayo lunokwenza ukuba inqwelo-moya ibe nzima ukuyiphatha, ngakumbi xa kukho isiphithiphithi okanye xa ibhabha ngokucothayo. Njengomfundi, uya kufunda ukuba iziko lomxhuzulane (CG) kunye nokuhanjiswa kobunzima kuchaphazela njani zontathu iizembe.

Imiphezulu yokulawula-i-ailerons, i-rudder, kunye ne-elevator-zizixhobo zakho zokugcina kunye nokulungelelanisa uzinzo. Kuqeqesho lokubhabha, ukuqonda ukuba ezi nkqubo zisebenzisana njani kubalulekile ekuphatheni ngokukhuselekileyo kunye neempendulo ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko eziphazamisayo.

Ngamafutshane, i-aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ayikho nje malunga nokuba yintoni eyenza inqwelomoya ibhabhe-ikwamalunga nento eyigcina izinzile kwaye ilawuleka kwisigaba ngasinye sokuhamba.

Isantya somoya, ukuphakama, kunye nemozulu ziyichaphazela njani i-aerodynamics

Kwinqwelomoya yokwenyani, i-aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelomoya ayihlali kwindawo engenanto-itshintsha ngeqhina ngalinye lesantya somoya, lonke unyawo lokuphakama, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.

Isantya somoya Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela yokunyusa amaphiko akho anokuvelisa. Ngezantya ezisezantsi, udinga i-angle ephezulu yohlaselo ukuze ugcine ukunyuswa. Kwizantya eziphezulu, ukutsala konyuka kakhulu-ingakumbi ukutsalwa kwe-parasitic-kukunyanzela ukuba ulawule i-throttle kunye ne-pitch ngononophelo ngakumbi.

Ngaphezulu idlala indima enkulu ngokunjalo. Kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, umoya uyancipha. Oku kuthetha umoya omncinci oxineneyo = ukunyuka okuncinci. I-injini yakho inokuvelisa amandla amancinci, idinga iiroli ezinde zokusuka kunye nesantya esiphezulu somoya. Ukuqonda ukuba ukuphakama koxinaniso kuyichaphazela njani indlela yokusebenza yinxalenye ephambili yokulawula i-aerodynamics kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya.

yemozulu Izinto ezifana neqondo lobushushu, ukufuma, kunye nokucheba umoya nazo ziyayitshintsha indlela eziphatha ngayo inqwelomoya yakho. Ngosuku olushushu, olufumileyo, iphiko lakho lenza ukuphakama okuncinci. Kwiindlela ezibukhali, i-pitch yakho kunye nolawulo lwamandla kufuneka lulungelelanise ngexesha lokwenyani.

Xa uqonda indlela okusingqongileyo okuchaphazela ngayo oomatshini bokubhabha, uqala ukwenza izigqibo ezikrelekrele-hayi nje ngokusekwe kumanani, kodwa kwindlela inqwelomoya. uvakalelwa emoyeni.

I-Aerodynamics kuyilo lweenqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo

Ayizizo zonke iinqwelo-moya ezibhabha ngendlela efanayo—kwaye kulapho ulwazi oluthe ngqo kuyilo luba lubaluleke kakhulu kwi-aerodynamics kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya.

Iinqwelomoya ezinamaphiko aphezulu (njengeCessna 172) zikholisa ukuba nozinzo oluthe kratya kunye nokubonakala ngcono ezantsi, ngelixa iinqwelomoya ezinamaphiko aphantsi (njengePiper Warrior) zihlala zinomsebenzi ongcono wokuqengqeleka kunye nokuziphatha kwempembelelo yomhlaba ekufikeni.

Uyilo lomphezulu wokulawula wenza umahluko. Iinqwelomoya ezinezixhasi (ezifana nePiper Cherokee) ziphendula ngokwahlukileyo kwi-pitch kunezo zineelevator zemveli. Iipropela ze-variable-pitch zichaphazela ukutyhala kunye nokutsala kwizigaba zomoya. Nkqu imilo yephiko-i-tapered vs rectangular-itshintsha iimpawu zokumisa kunye nokuphakamisa ukusebenza kakuhle.

Uya kudibana nezinto zoyilo ezinje ngeeflaphu, abaphangi, iijeneretha ze-vortex, kunye namaphiko. Nganye kwezi ilungisa ukuhamba komoya ngabom, iphucula ukuphakama, inciphisa ukutsalwa, okanye ukuphucula ulawulo ngesantya esicothayo.

Ukuze uphumelele njengomqhubi wenqwelomoya, kufuneka uqonde ukuba ezi zinto ziyilo zidibana njani nemigaqo ye-aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelomoya-kuba iinqwelomoya aziziphathanga ngokufanayo, kwaye abaqhubi abakrelekrele baziqhelanisa noko babhabhayo.

Iimfuno ze-FAA: I-Aerodynamics kuqeqesho lokulinga

I-FAA ithatha i-aerodynamics kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya njengolwazi olungundoqo-kungekhona ukukhetha. Iyavavanywa, ibonisiwe, kwaye ivavanywe kuwo onke amanqanaba esiqinisekiso, ngakumbi ngexesha leSigaba seLayisensi yokuLingwa kwaBucala (PPL).

Kwi Imigangatho yeSiqinisekiso se-FAA Airman (ACS), i-aerodynamics ibonakala kuwo omabini amacandelo olwazi kunye novavanyo olusebenzayo. Kulindeleke ukuba uqonde:

• Imikhosi emine yokubhabha
• I-engile yohlaselo kunye nokuziphatha kwe-stall
• Iziphumo zeCG, ubunzima, kunye nokulinganisela kuzinzo
• I-yaw engalunganga, i-torque, kunye nomthwalo womthwalo
• Indlela izinto zoyilo ezichaphazela ngayo ukusebenza kunye nolawulo

Uya kubona ezi zihloko kuvavanyo olubhaliweyo, kodwa nakwixesha lokwenyani ngexesha lokujonga kwakho. Umhloli unokubuza ukuba i-stall yenza njani-okanye ifuna ukuba ubonise ukubuyiswa ngelixa uchaza inkqubo ye-aerodynamic.

Umyalezo we-FAA ucacile: ukuba ufuna ukubhabha ngokukhuselekileyo, kufuneka ucinge ngokuhamba komoya kunye namandla. Yiloo nto kanye ekuthethwa ngayo kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya—ukwenza izigqibo zolawulo ezisekelwe koko kwenzekayo kwinqwelo-moya, kungekuphela nje ngaphakathi kwendawo yokulala.

Iindlela ezilungileyo zokufunda i-aerodynamics njengomqhubi wenqwelomoya

Ukuba nobuchule kwi-aerodynamics kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya akuthethi ukuba unkqaya ijargon yobugcisa- kuthetha ukuqonda indlela inqwelomoya esebenza ngayo ngexesha lokwenyani. Kwaye eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokwenza oko kukudibanisa ithiyori kunye nokufunda ngezandla.

Nantsi into esebenzayo:

• Izixhobo ezibonwayo: Sebenzisa i-flight simulators, i-apps yedayagram, kunye neemodeli ze-3D ukujonga ukuhamba komoya, ukuphakamisa, ukutsala, kunye nokulawula iintshukumo.
• Iincwadi ezivunywe yi-FAA: The Inqwelomoya eFlying Handbook kwaye Incwadi yePilot yoLwazi lweAeronautical zombini zichaza imigaqo ye-aerodynamic ngokweenkcukacha-ngokusuka kumthombo.
• Uqeqesho lwevidiyo kwi-Intanethi: Izifundo ezivela kwi-Sporty's, iZikolo zeKing, kunye ne-Gleim zaphula iimbono ezintsonkothileyo zibe zizifundo ezinobungakanani bokuluma ngemifanekiso yokwenyani ye-cockpit.
• Amakhadi oonotsheluza kunye nemibuzo: Sebenzisa iibhanki zemibuzo ye-FAA kunye neeapps eziphathwayo ukuqinisa iinkcazo, iifomula kunye nemigaqo ye-aerodynamic ngokukhawuleza.

Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, qhagamshela oko ukufunda ephepheni noko wena bazive emoyeni. Ngalo lonke ixesha lokunyuka, lonke ithuba, yonke indlela-uya kubona i-aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya. Xa uyenza, yonke into iqala ukucofa.

Ukuqukumbela: Ukuba nobuchule kwi-aerodynamics kuthetha ukuba nobuchule bokubhabha

Kuqeqesho lokubhabha, azikho iindlela ezimfutshane-kwaye yinyani ngakumbi xa kufikwa kwi-aerodynamics yabaqhubi. Ayikokuphumelela nje uvavanyo olubhaliweyo—imalunga nokubhabha ngenjongo, ukulawula nokuzithemba.

Ukusuka kwilifti kunye nokutsala ukuya kwizitali kunye nokulawula umgangatho, le migaqo isebenza ngalo lonke ixesha ushiya umgaqo weenqwelo-moya. Okukhona uziqonda, kokukhona ukubhabha kwakho kuba nethuku.

Ukuba uzimisele ngokuba ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya okhuselekileyo, onobuchule, tyala imali kolu lwazi kwangethuba. Kuba nje ukuba i-aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya isengqiqweni, yonke enye into ekwindawo yokulala iqalisa ukuziva yendalo.

I-FAQ-I-Aerodynamics yabaqhubi beenqwelomoya

Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokwenza uguqulo lwelayisensi yokulinga yangaphandle ngamanyathelo ama-4.