ⓘ TL;DR
- Maitiro ekufamba nendege akasiyana nemaitiro ekushandisa chishandiso, kwete kuwedzera kwacho. Mitemo, njodzi, nenzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa zvinoshanduka paunongotanga kuona.
- Nzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa inotsamira pachikamu chenyu chekusvika uye Vref, kwete rudzi rwendege. Kubhururuka nekukurumidza kupfuura zvinobvumirwa nechikamu chenyu chinyararire kunobvisa zvipingamupinyi zvako pasina yambiro.
- Rondedzerai nzvimbo inotenderera, zvipingamupinyi zvinozivikanwa, uye nzira yekusvika isina kufambiswa usati waburuka, kwete panguva yekufamba.
- Nzira isina kufambiswa kubva panzvimbo yekutenderera ndiyo ine njodzi huru pane zvese. Kwira wotanga watarisa munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa yemhepo, wozotevera nzira yakaburitswa.
- Unyanzvi mukuita zvinhu zvinotenderera hunoda kudzidziswa kwakarongwa uye kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura. Nguva dzekubhururuka dzakaunganidzwa hadzitsivi tsika dzakaitwa.
Zviri Mukati
Nguva iyo mutyairi wendege anochinja kubva pakutarisa zviri mumudziyo kuenda pakutarisa nepahwindo panzvimbo yendege, mukana wekukanganisa unodzikira zvakanyanya. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekutenderera, manenji anoda kurongeka kwakanyatsojeka padanho rakaderera rine basa rakawanda.
Mapurogiramu mazhinji ekudzidzisa anoona kufamba kwedenderedzwa nenyika senzira iri nyore yekuwedzera nzira yekushandisa chishandiso. Pfungwa iyoyo ndiyo inotangira tsaona. Dambudziko guru harisi rekubhururuka nenzira iyoyo, asi kuchengetedza ruzivo rwenzvimbo uchigara munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa yendege yakamanikana kupfuura zvinofungwa nevatyairi vendege vazhinji.
Chinyorwa chino chinopa ruzivo nezvezvinodiwa zvepfungwa uye zvemaitiro ekushandisa nzira yakachengeteka yekutenderera. Uchadzidza maitiro ekuita mafambiro acho muchidimbu, kuita izvi munzvimbo yakachengeteka yemhepo, uye kubata nzira yakarasika kana nzira yekumhanya isina kuoneka. Aya ndiwo maitiro anoparadzanisa vatyairi vezvishandiso vane hunyanzvi kubva kune avo vanovimba nerombo rakanaka.
Chii Chinotsanangura Nzira Yekutenderera
Maitiro ekutenderera ndiyo nzira yekuona yekushandiswa kwezvishandiso inoisa ndege kuti imhanye panhandare yendege isina kurongeka kuti iende zvakananga. Mutyairi wendege anofambisa chishandiso ichi kuenda kune imwe nzira yekupinda nayo, obva achinja kuenda kune imwe nzira yekupinda nayo kuti aende kune imwe nzira yekupedzisira yekupinda nayo. Iyi haisi nzira yakasiyana yekupinda nayo, asi inzira yekuwedzera yekushandiswa kwekushandisa chiripo.
Vatyairi vazhinji havanzwisisi kuti chikamu chezvishandiso chinogumira papi uye chikamu chekutenderera chinotangira papi. Nzira yekushanda kwezvishandiso inogumira panzvimbo yakarasika kana kuti kana nhandare yendege yasvika. Kubva panguva iyoyo, sarudzo yega yega inoonekwa nemaziso, kutendeuka kwega kwega kunoitwa nemaoko, uye kuburuka kwega kwega ibasa remutyairi.
Chinyorwa cheICAO 8168 inoita kuti musiyano uyu uve pachena: nzira yekutenderera inzira yekuona yenzira yekushandisa kuenda kunhandare yendege isina kukodzera kupinda zvakananga.
Musiyano wenzira yekunanga zvakananga unodzidzisa. Nzira yekunanga zvakananga inochengetedza ndege yakabatana nenhandare yekumhara kubva pakugadzirisa kwekupedzisira kusvika pakubata. Kutungamira kwechishandiso hakumbomiri. Nzira yekutenderera inobvisa kutungamira ikoko panguva yakakosha, pakakwirira pasi, pedyo nenzvimbo, nemutyairi wendege ava kubhururuka nemaziso achiri kushanda pasi pe chiridzwa kubhururuka mitemoKupa nzira iyoyo ndiko kunoraramira njodzi.
Kunzwisisa tsananguro iyi kunochinja kugadzirira kwemutyairi wendege. Maitiro ekutenderera haasi kuenderera mberi kwemaitiro echishandiso. Inzira yakasiyana ine mitemo yayo, nzvimbo yayo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa, uye nzira dzayo dzekukundikana. Kuitora sechinhu chisina kunaka kunokoka zvikanganiso zvinoshandura maitiro enguva dzose kuita cheni yetsaona.
Chikonzero nei kutenderera kweropa kuchikonzera njodzi yakakura
Nguva ine njodzi huru pakutenderera haisi yekutendeuka kana kuburuka. Ndiyo nguva iyo mutyairi wendege anofunga kuti chikamu chakaoma chapera. Chikamu chezvishandiso chapera, nzira yekumhanya nayo yava kuonekwa, uye pfungwa yechisikigo ndeyekuzorora. Pfungwa iyoyo ndiyo chaiyo inouraya mukana wekukanganisa.
Kuchinja kubva pakushandisa chinhu kuenda pakubhururuka nemaziso ndiko uko mutoro wepfungwa unokwira, kwete kuderera. Mutyairi wendege anofanira panguva imwe chete. chengetedza kukwirira paMDA kana pamusoro payo, chengetedza nzvimbo yekumhanyira ndege ichionekwa, gara mukati menzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa, uye gadzira ndege kuti ikwanise kumhara. Basa rega rega rinokwikwidzana kuti ritariswe. Hapana kana rimwe rawo rinogona kuderedzwa.
Kukundikana kunowanzoitika kubva panzvimbo inotenderera. Vashandi vanopedzisira vabuda kunze kwenzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa nekubhururuka zvakanyanya, kure zvakanyanya, kana nekukurumidza zvakanyanya. Kana vabuda, kubviswa kwezvipingamupinyi kunonyangarika. Hapana mukana wechipiri. Ndokusaka kuziva chikamu chenzira uye nzvimbo inoshanda yekutenderera hakusi nzira yekutevera, asi chinhu chinodiwa kuti munhu ararame.
Kudiwa uku kunobva pakusangana kwenzvimbo dzakadzika, basa rakawanda, uye mafambiro asina kukanganwika enzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa. Chimwe chinhu chakasatarisirwa zvakanaka, uye mukana wese wekuchengetedza unodzikira.
Njodzi haisi muchinhu chimwe chete. Inowanikwa mumhedzisiro yekudzora zvese panguva imwe chete apo mamiriro acho ari pedyo.
Nzvimbo dzeMhepo Dzakachengetedzwa uye Nzira dzeKutenderera
Nzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa yekufamba nendege isingaratidzike seyakanaka, ndiyo chete vimbiso yekubviswa kwezvipingamupinyi, uye kuiona semuganhu unochinjika ndiko kunoita kuti vatyairi vendege vapedzisire vaongororwa munhamba dzetsaona.
Ndege yega yega inoshanda pasi pemitemo yekubhururuka kwemidziyo inopihwa chikamu chekusvika zvichienderana nekumhanya kwayo kwekumhara, kana kuti Vref, uye chikamu ichocho chinosarudza nzvimbo chaiyo yekutenderera iyo mutyairi wendege haafanire kudarika.
Bhururuka nekukurumidza kupfuura zvinobvumirwa neboka, uye nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa inoderera kana tichienzanisa nekushanda kwendege chaiyo pakutenderera.
Maitiro eKusvika kweMapoka Kutsanangura Nharaunda Yekutenderera
FAA inotsanangura mapoka mashanu ekusvika, A kusvika E, imwe neimwe ine kumhanya kwakakodzera kwekutenderera uye radius yakachengetedzwa yakaburitswa. Ndege yeChikamu A, ine kumhanya kuri kana pasi pemaknots makumi mapfumbamwe, inoshanda mukati me radius yemakiromita 1.3 kubva pamuganho wenzira yekumhanyira, nepo ndege yeChikamu D, inogona kubhururuka kusvika kumaknots zana nemakumi matanhatu nemashanu, inoda radius yemakiromita 2.3 kubva mumuganho wenzira yekubhururuka.
Mutyairi wendege anobhururutsa ndege yeCategory D nekumhanya kweCategory C haana kuwana simba, abuda chinyararire munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa.
TERPS Yekare Kana Ichienzaniswa Nezvinodiwa Zvakawedzerwa
Maitiro ekare eTERPS aishandisa radius imwe chete yakatarwa pachikamu chimwe nechimwe, asi maitiro akawedzerwa akaunzwa neICAO PANS-OPS uye akashandiswa munhungamiro itsva yeFAA anotsanangura kukwirira, tembiricha, uye mhedzisiro yemhepo paradius yekutendeuka.
Musiyano uyu unonyanya kukosha munzvimbo dzakakwirira kana mumazuva anopisa, uko kumhanya kwemhepo chaiyo kunowedzera uye ndege inofukidza pasi zvakanyanya panguva imwe chete. Vatyairi vendege vanovimba nenhamba dzekare vasina kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu vari kubhururuka vasingaoni muganhu chaiwo wakachengetedzwa.
Nei Chikamu Chebasa Chichifanira Kusimbiswa Pamberi Pekusvika Kwacho
Chikamu chekusvika hachisi chinhu chakagadzika chendege, chinoshanduka nehuremu, magadzirirwo, uye kurongeka kweflap, zvese izvi zvinokanganisa Vref. Ndege inorema iri munzira refu inogona kunge iri Chikamu D pakutanga asi inodonha kuChikamu C mushure mekupisa mafuta, asi radius yakaburitswa yakaverengerwa kumhanya kwakanyanya.
Kutsanangura huremu hwechikepe cheVref uye kuongorora huremu hwacho usati wadzika pasi peMDA ndiyo nzira chete yekuona kuti nzira yekufamba-famba munzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa zvinoenderana nekushanda kwendege chaiyo.
Kutaurirana Kwevanhu Vari Mudenderedzwa Pamberi
The nzira yekutenderera isati yasvika pfupiso ndipo panogadzirira vatyairi vazhinji kubudirira kana kuti vanovimbisa kuti vachashanda nesimba. Kudzidzira kwepfungwa zvakakwana usati wasvika kuMDA kunoshandura nzira yekudzoka kuita nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvinotarisirwa.
- Zvinodiwa zvekunze zvishoma uye kuona zviri nyore
- Kuongororwa kweMDA uye nzira yekutarisa
- Radiyo inotenderera nemiganhu yemhepo yakachengetedzwa
- Zvipingamupinyi zvinozivikanwa munzvimbo inotenderera
- Kutadza kusvika panzvimbo yawakananga uye maitiro ekukwira nekubuda
- Kurongeka kwenzira yekumhanya uye nzira yekutenderera yakarongwa
- Imwe nzira yekumhanyira kana yakarasika
Zvinhu zvinomwe izvi hazvisi zvekutarisa zvinonzwika. Ipfungwa dzaunogadzira usati wasvika. Mutyairi wendege anoongorora denderedzwa remhepo achipesana nekumhanya chaiko kwepasi nemhepo anenge atodzivirira kukanganisa kunowanzoitika, achibhururuka kunze kwenzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa.
Kana denga uye kuona kwacho zvikabvumidza, funga nezvekudzika panzvimbo pekukwirira pane kudzika kusvika watenderera MDA. Iyi nzira inopa nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzekudzika uye magadzirirwo emagetsi zvinoita kuti nzira irambe yakajairika sezvinobvira. Shandisa iyi sarudzo usati wabhururuka, kwete panguva yekufamba.
Kutenderera Nhanho Nenhanho
Kuita a nzira yekutenderera nhanho nhanho ndiyo musiyano uripo pakati pekuchinja kunodzorwa kuenda kumhara nekubhejera kune njodzi huru nemhepo yakachengetedzwa. Kutevedzana kwacho ndekwekuita, kwete kungofungidzira, uye chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine chishuwo chekuziva chinofanira kutarisirwa chisati chatanga chinotevera.
Danho 1. Pedzisa nzira yekushandisa MDA.
Bhururuka uchishandisa chishandiso chakabudiswa kusvika panzvimbo yakaderera yekudzika. Usaburuke pasi peMDA kusvika nzvimbo yekumhanya yaonekwa uye ndege yaiswa panzvimbo yakakodzera yekudzika kusvika pakumhara. Siyana paMDA uye dzikamisa ndege usati watanga kubhururuka nemaziso.
Danho rechipiri. Wana nzvimbo yekutambira vanhu nemaziso.
Tsvaga nzvimbo yekumhara ndege inotarisirwa kumhanyira uye simbisa kuti inoenderana nechati yenzira yekutenderera. Kuwana zvinhu zvinoonekwa kunofanira kunge kwakanaka uye kusina kujeka, kuona zvishoma kuburikidza negore hakuverengeki. Chengetedza MDA kusvika nzvimbo yekumhanya ndege yave kuoneka nguva dzose uye ndege yave mukati menzvimbo yekutenderera ndege.
Danho rechitatu. Nzira yekudzivirira kuti vanhu varambe vachionana uye vagare munzvimbo yakachengeteka yemhepo.
Bhururuka nzira inoita kuti nzira yendege irambe ichionekwa uku uchiramba uri mukati mechikamu chinotenderera chakatsanangurwa nechikamu chekusvika. Gwaro reFAA rinoti ndege haifanirwe kudarika miganhu yenzvimbo yakachengetedzwa panguva yekufamba uku. Kona yebhangi, kumhanya kwepasi, uye kugadziriswa kwemhepo zvese zvinosarudza kana ndege ichiramba iri mukati kana kuti ichidonha ichipinda munzvimbo.
Danho rechina. Dzika kusvika pakumhara.
Kana ndege yasvika panzira yakadzikama yekusvika yakabatana nenhandare yekumhara, tanga kuburuka kubva kuMDA. Ramba uchitarisa-tarisa panguva yekudzika. Kuburuka kunofanira kuratidza nzira yakajairika yekusvika, simba rakafanana, mwero wekudzika wakafanana, nzvimbo imwechete yekusvika.
Danho rechishanu. Ita nzira yakarasika kana zvichidikanwa.
Kana paine mukana wekuonana nendege, kana kuti ndege ikasakwanisa kumira zvakanaka, tanga kuswedera pedyo nayo nekukasika. Kwira uchitendeukira kunzvimbo yakachengetedzwa. Usanonotse kusarudza, kusazeza pakakwirira pasi pasina kuona zvakanyanya ndiko kunoita kuti tsaona dziitike.
Kupedzisa nhevedzano iyi nekuzvibata kunoshandura nzira ine njodzi huru kuita nzira inodzorwa. Mutyairi wendege anodzidzira nhanho imwe neimwe asati atanga nzira iyi ndiye ane mhedzisiro yacho.
Nzira Yakarasika Mushure mekutenderera
Nzira yekukanganisa kubva mukufamba nendege yekufamba nendege haisi bhatani rekugadzirisa, ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pakuita zvese, uye ndiyo nzvimbo apo kuvhiringidzika kwenzira kunouraya vatyairi vendege. Kudzidziswa kwakawanda kunotarisa pachikamu chekuona uye kumhara, asi nzira yekukundikana ndipo panosvika mukana wekukanganisa kusvika pazero.
Maitiro akajairwa ekusvika ndege isina kukwira ndege anofunga kuti ndege iri panzvimbo yayakambomira yakatarisana nenhandare yendege, asi panguva yekusvika ichitenderera, ndege inogona kunge iri chero kupi zvako mukati menzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa, pakakwirira zvishoma, uye ichitenderera.
Kukwira uchitendeukira kunzvimbo yakachengetedzwa ndicho chinhu chekutanga chakakosha. Pfungwa yekuyera mapapiro usati wakwira inoita seyakajairika, asi inopedza nguva yakareba. Nzira chaiyo ndeyekupinda, kusimudza, uye kutendeuka uchienda kunhandare yendege kana kuti panzvimbo yakatarwa yekusvika panguva imwe chete. Apa ndipo panofanirwa kutorwa matanho ekupinda. nzira yekutenderera, nzira yakarasika Maitiro acho akasiyana nemamwe maitiro ese asina kurongeka anoitwa nemuongorori.
Chikanganiso chinowanzoitika ndechekuedza kumhanyisa nzira yakabudiswa isina kunyorwa sezvakanyorwa pasina kutanga wadzokera kunzvimbo yakachengetedzwa. Nzira yakabudiswa inofungidzira kuti pane pokutangira paisipo panguva yekufamba uchitenderera.
Vatyairi vendege vanofanira kukwira kusvika panzvimbo yakarasika vachidzokera kunzvimbo yakachengetedzwa vasati vaenderera mberi nenzira yakabudiswa. Izvi hazvinzwisisike, uye hazvina kunyatsodzidziswa.
Kugona chikamu chimwe nechimwe chemaitiro ekutenderera, kuronga, kufambisa, kupotsa, uye mabasa ehusiku, kunoda kuti nzira yekupotsa ionekwe senzira yakasiyana ine ruzivo rwayo rwekuita uye kudzidzira mupfungwa. Mutyairi wendege asina kuona maitiro ekupotsa asati atanga denderedzwa atorasikirwa nemuganhu waanoda.
Kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi hwekufamba netsoka
Unyanzvi hwekufamba netsoka haubvi panguva yekubhururuka. Hunobva pakudzidziswa kwakarongeka uye nemaune kunovandudzwa nguva nenguva.
FlightSafety International yakaona musiyano uyu nekutanga kosi yekudzidzisa nzira yekutenderera. Nzira yekudzidzisa yakajairika haiburitse hunyanzvi hwega mukuita uku. Kosi iripo nekuti vatyairi vendege vanomira kudzidziswa kwenzira dzekukundikana dzinodzokororwa mumishumo yetsaona.
Kudzidzira nzira yakarasika kubva panzvimbo isingazivikanwe kana tichienzanisa nenzvimbo yekumhanya. Kudzidzira kukwira nekutendeuka kuenda kunzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa kusvika yava reflex. Kupfupisa radius inotenderera ichipesana neVref chaiyo pane kutora chikamu chakapihwa muhurongwa hwekubhururuka. Aya haasi hunyanzvi hunokura pasina kupindira.
Florida Flyers Flight Academy inovaka iyi nzira yakasimba muzvirongwa zvayo zvekuyera zvishandiso uye mapurogiramu ekuyedza ebhizinesi. Chinangwa hachisi cheki pane chiyero chebvunzo chinoshanda. Vatyairi vendege vanogona kuita nzira yekutenderera vachimanikidzwa zvakanyanya kubva pakukwira kwakaderera, basa rakawanda, uye nguva shoma.
Mubvunzo hausi wekuti wakambotanga wadzidzira here kana kuti kwete, asi kuti wakambodzidzira here nguva pfupi yadarika.
Vaka Chivimbo Chako Chekutenderera
Nzira yekutenderera haisi nzira yakatwasuka ine nzira yekutsauka. Inzira yakasiyana ine zvinodiwa zvayo zvekuziva, zvirambidzo zvemuchadenga zvakachengetedzwa, uye nzira dzekukundikana dzinokurumidza kupfuura zvinotarisirwa nevatyairi vendege vazhinji.
Kunzwisisa musiyano uripo pakati penzira yekufamba nepfungwa dzekugadzira zvinhu ndiko kunoparadzanisa denderedzwa rakachengeteka kubva kune rinogumira kunze kwenzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa. Awa yega yega inopedzerwa uchidzidzira kutaurirana, kukwira kwenzira isina kufambiswa, uye nzvimbo yakatarwa yenzvimbo inodzoserwa panguva inonyanya kukosha, kana denga rakaderera, kuona kwacho kuri kure, uye nzira yekumhanya haisi iyo yakakusiya wasvika padanho rekushandisa.
Famba uchienda kundege denderedzwa ratotanga kufamba mumusoro mako. Pfupisa nzira yausina kusvika nayo usati wafamba mudenderedzwa. Ziva chikamu chako. Ziva nzvimbo yako. Zvimwe zvese kungofamba nendege.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve Nzira Dzekutenderera
Chii chinonzi nzira yekutenderera?
Nzira yekutenderera inhanho yekuona yenzira yekushandisa chishandiso iyo inoisa ndege kuti imhanye panhandare yendege isina kurongeka kuti ipinde yakatwasuka. Mutyairi wendege anofanira kuramba achiona nzvimbo yendege uku achifamba-famba mukati menzvimbo yemhepo yakachengetedzwa yakatarwa zvichienderana nechikamu chekusvika kwendege.
Ndeipi nzira yedenderedzwa?
Nzira yekufamba nedenderedzwa, inonzi denderedzwa-kuenda-kune-nyika, ndiyo nzira imwecheteyo yekufamba nedenderedzwa apo mutyairi wendege anochinja kubva pamitemo yekubhururuka kwezvishandiso kuenda pakubhururuka nemaziso pakakwirira zvishoma. Izwi iri rinoshandiswa zvakafanana mundege, kunyangwe nzira yekufamba nedenderedzwa iri izwi repamutemo muzvinyorwa zveFAA neICAO.
Ungarasikirwa sei panguva yekutenderera?
Kuti aite nzira yakarasika panguva yekufamba nendege, mutyairi wendege anofanira kukwira nekukasika achitendeukira kunzvimbo yemuchadenga yakachengetedzwa, ozotevera nzira yakarasika yekupinda nendege pairi kubhururuka. Chinhu chekutanga chakakosha kukwira achitendeukira kunzvimbo yendege, kwete pairi kukwira, nekuti nzvimbo yendege maererano nemaitiro akabudiswa haizivikanwe panguva yekufamba nendege.
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati penzira yekusvika zvakananga uye nzira yekutenderera?
Nzira yekutenderera yakatwasuka inobvumira ndege kuti imhanye zvakananga panhandare yendege yakatarisana nenzira yekupedzisira yekusvika, pasina kuwedzera kuchinjika mushure mekusvika padanho repasi. Nzira yekutenderera inoda kuti mutyairi wendege afambise nemaziso ari pakakwirira pasi kuti aenderane neimwe nzira yekumhanya, zvichiwedzera zvinodiwa zvekudzivirira nzvimbo, manejimendi yemhepo yakachengetedzwa, uye kuchengetedza tarisiro yekuona isingamanikidzwe nenzira yekutenderera yakatwasuka.
