Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanonetseka vari pasi vanodaro nekuti hapana akavadzidzisa kuverenga dhayagiramu yendege vasati vasvika tekisi yavo yekutanga vari vega. Gwaro iri rinogadzirisa izvozvo. Kubva pakunyora nhamba dzendege netsamba dzetaxiway kusvika kunzvimbo dzinopisa, kubata mitsetse mipfupi, uye mabhokisi efrequency, chinhu chimwe nechimwe chedhayagiramu yendege chinotsanangurwa pano kuitira kuti ugone kufamba chero nhandare yendege uine chivimbo chakafanana nenyanzvi ine ruzivo.
Zviri Mukati
Unodhonza dhayagiramu yenhandare yendege yemunda wausingazive, uye chinhu chekutanga chaunoona ndechekuti ruzivo rwakawanda sei rwakarongedzwa papeji rimwe chete. Nhamba dzemumugwagwa, mabhii emumugwagwa, nzvimbo dzine mumvuri, nhamba dzakatenderedzwa mumucheto, zvinoita sekodhi yausina kumbodzidziswa kutyora.
Vatyairi vendege vazhinji nevanofarira ndege vanogona kuwana dhayagiramu yendege, asi havakwanise kuiverenga nechivimbo. Musiyano uripo pakati petekisi yakachengeteka nekupinda munhandare yendege unowanzobva pakunzwisisa zvinorehwa nezviratidzo izvozvo nemarekodhi.
Chinyorwa chino chinodzidzisa mutauro unoonekwa wemadhayagiramu enhandare yendege kuitira kuti ugone kufamba chero panhandare yendege neruzivo rwakafanana nerwemutyairi wendege ane hunyanzvi.
Pano uchadzidza kutsanangura nhamba dzenzira dzendege, kutevedzera mafambiro emota dzemumugwagwa, kuona nzvimbo dzinonetsa dzisati dzava matambudziko, uye kuverenga data remumucheto iro vanhu vazhinji vasingarione. Pakupedzisira, hauzongotarise dhayagiramu yendege chete, asi uchaiverenga.
Zvinonyatsoratidzwa neDiagramu dzeNhandare yeNhandare
Vanhu vazhinji vanotarira dhayagiramu yendege voona mepu. Vatyairi vendege vanoona gwaro rekuchengetedza rakamanikwa kuita bepa rimwe chete. Musiyano uripo pakati pemaonero maviri aya musiyano uripo pakati pekufungidzira nekuziva kuti uri kupi chaizvo panhandare yendege yakaoma.
Madhayagiramu enhandare yendege, maererano netsanangudzo, akagadzirirwa kubatsira kufamba kwemotokari pasi pevhu munzvimbo dzakaoma dzemigwagwa yendege nedzematekisi. Asi kuatumidza kuti mamepu kunoderedza basa rawo. Mepu inokuudza kuti zvinhu zviri kupi. Dhayagiramu yenhandare yendege inokuudza kuti ungafamba sei, kuti ungamira kupi, kuti ungataura nemunhu ani, uye kuti njodzi dziri kupi.
Dhayagiramu iyi ine mafrequency ekudzora pasi, shongwe, uye kutakura zvinhu. Inoratidza kukwirira kuitira kuti vatyairi vendege vagone kuisa yavo altimeters usati wafamba. Inoratidza nzvimbo dzinopisa, nzvimbo dzakamboitika njodzi dzemumugwagwa. Chinhu chega chega chiri papeji chiripo nekuti mumwe munhu aida ruzivo irworwo kudzivirira kurovera kana kusataurirana zvakanaka.
Dhayagiramu haisi referensi yaunotarisa mushure mekunge warasika. Irondedzero yaunogadzira usati watanga kufamba. Musiyano iwoyo unoshandura maverengero ako.
Kugadzirisa Nhamba dzeRunway neMacherechedzo
Nhamba yakapendwa pamagumo enhandare yendege haisi zita rekuti "label". Imusoro wenyaya, uye kuverenga zvisirizvo zvinoreva kubhururuka nenzira isingaenderane nemugwagwa uri pasi.
Nhamba dzenzira dzemumugwagwa dzinobva pamagnetic azimuth yemutsetse wepakati penzira yemumugwagwa, dzakakamurwa negumi, uye dzakatenderedzwa kusvika panhamba yakazara iri pedyo. Nzira yemumugwagwa yakatarisana nemadhigirii 270 inova Nzira yemumugwagwa 27. Mugumo wakatarisana, uri kure nemadhigirii 180, unowana nzira yekudzoka: Nzira yemumugwagwa 9. Ndokusaka nzira yega yega yemumugwagwa iine nhamba mbiri, imwe kumagumo ese, uye nei vaviri vacho vachigara vachisvika makumi matatu nematanhatu.
Nhamba iyi inoudza mutyairi wendege kuti anofanira kubhururuka akananga kupi kana asvika kumugumo iwoyo. Runway 27 inoreva kubhururuka nemusoro weanenge madhigirii 270. Kunyatsojeka kunokosha nekuti kushanduka kwemagineti kunochinja nekufamba kwenguva, uye nhandare dzendege dzinoverengazve nhamba idzi kana shift yadarika madhigirii mashoma. Runway yaive Runway 27 makore makumi maviri apfuura inogona kunge yava Runway 26.
Sisitimu iyi inopindura mubvunzo wekuti 27 zvinorevei panhandare yendege zvakananga. Haisi kumhanya, daro, kana zita remhando yenhandare yendege. Imusoro wemagineti, wakakamurwa negumi, wakatenderera, uye wakapendwa pamusuwo kuitira kuti mutyairi wendege azive kuti nhandare yendege inonongedzera kupi mavhiri asati adonha.
Pfungwa yacho yakanaka kwazvo. Mugumisiro wekuifuratira hausi.
Mazita eTaxiway uye Pfungwa Dziri Kumashure Kwawo
Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanogona kudzokorora nhamba dzendege kubva mundangariro dzavo, asi sisitimu yekunyora mazita etaxiway inovhiringidza kunyange vatyairi vendege vane ruzivo vari munzvimbo dzavasina kujaira. mazita emigwagwa yetekisi uye mazita zviri nyore kupfuura zvainoita, mabhii enzira huru, manhamba e spurs, uye alpha-numeric combos kana nhandare yendege yapera mavara.
Taxiway A ndiyo nzira huru yakatarisana nenhandare yendege. Taxiway B iri padivi payo. Kana nhandare yendege iine nzira dzinopfuura makumi maviri nematanhatu dzekutakura vanhu, mavara maviri, AA, BB, kana AB, uye manhamba anoonekwa panzira dzinobatanidza dzinobva pamitsetse mikuru. Hartsfield-Jackson yeAtlanta inoshandisa nzira iyi muhurongwa hwayo hwakakura.
Mazita ari padhayagiramu anoenderana nezviratidzo zvepanyika panosangana migwagwa yese. Mutyairi wendege anoudzwa kuti "taxi inopfuura neBravo kuenda padanho repamusoro" anotevera zviratidzo zvebhuruu zvine mavara eyero kusvika asvika kwainoenda. Dhayagiramu ndiyo chiratidzo; zviratidzo ndizvo zvinosimbisa. Chimwe chisina chimwe chinoita kuti pave nekuvhiringidzika pasi.
Nzira dzekumhanya dziri padhayagiramu dzakafara, dzine manhamba, uye dzakaganhurirwa nemitsetse yakasimba. Nzira dzekutakura vanhu dzakatetepa, dzine mavara, uye dzakanyorwa nemitsara yepakati ine madhaka. Musiyano unokosha nekuti kuyambuka nzira yekumhanya isina clearance inguva yekupindira. Dhayagiramu iyi inoita kuti muganhu iwoyo uoneke mutyairi wendege asati ambofambisa ndege.
Nhandare dzendege dzakaoma dzakarongwa mumatanho ekutanga, Taxiway A North vs Taxiway A South, kudzivirira kusanzwisisika kana bhii rimwe chete rakareba kiromita imwe chete yemugwagwa. Dhayagiramu inoratidza kupatsanurwa uku nekupwanyika kwemitsara midiki uye ma "label offsets" anobhadhara kudzidza nokungwarira injini dzisati dzatanga.
Nzvimbo Dzinonyanya Kupisa uye Zviziviso Zvekuchengetedza paDhiagiramu
Chikamu chine njodzi zvikuru chenhandare yendege hachiwanzoitiki nhandare yendege pachayo. Ndiyo nzvimbo yakaoma yekusangana kwemigwagwa yetekisi nemitsetse inomira vatyairi vendege, mota dzepasi, uye ATC mirayiridzo zvinosangana, uye apo kuvhiringidzika kunoshanduka kuita kupinda kwenhandare yendege.
Nzvimbo idzi dzakanyorwa pamadhayagiramu eFAA senzvimbo dzinopisa. Nzvimbo imwe neimwe inopisa inzvimbo chaiyo iri pamusoro penhandare yendege ine nhoroondo yakanyorwa yekupinda kana kuvhiringidzika kwekufamba nendege. Hadzisi nyevero dzedzidziso. Dzakavakirwa pazviitiko chaizvo uye zvakapotsa zvaitika zvakaongororwa.
Padhayagiramu yepamutemo yeFAA, nzvimbo yega yega inoonekwa senhamba yakatenderedzwa yakaiswa zvakananga pahurongwa hwendege. Nhamba iyoyo inoenderana nechinhu chiri mumucheto, uko FAA inopa tsananguro yemutauro wakajeka yenjodzi chaiyo. Vamwe vanotsanangura hunyanzvi hunovhiringidza: "Kusangana kwakaoma kweTaxiways A, B, naC neRunway 9-27." Vamwe vanonyevera nezvezviratidzo zvisiri zvetsika kana zvipingamupinyi zvemutsetse wekuona. Tsananguro yacho inoudza mutyairi wendege chaizvo zvekutarisisa.
Vatyairi vendege vanodarika musangano wepanzvimbo dzinopisa panguva yekuronga tekisi vasati vasvika vari kubhururuka vasina kugadzikana muchikamu chakakosha chekufamba pasi. FAA inoburitsa runyorwa rwakazara rwe nzvimbo dzinonyanya kufarirwa dzekuchengetedza nhandare yendege padhayagiramu yega yega yendege, uye data remumucheto riripo kuti riverengwe mavhiri asati atanga kufamba. Mutyairi wendege akaongorora nhamba idzodzo dzakatenderedzwa anoziva pekudzikamisa kumhanya, pekutarisisa kaviri mutsetse wenguva pfupi, uye pekutarisirwa zvisingatarisirwi.
Muganho haungorondedzeri nzvimbo dzinonetsa chete. Unewo zuva rekuvandudzwa kwazvino, zuva rekutanga kushanda kwechati, uye chero shanduko dzenguva pfupi. Dhayagiramu ine mwedzi mishoma inogona kunge iine nzvimbo dzinonetsa dzakagadziriswazve kana itsva yakawedzerwa. Data remuganho ndiro gwaro rekuchengetedza. Kuregeredza kwakafanana nekuregeredza NOTAM.
Kwaungawana Madhirama Epamutemo Endege
Kuziva kuverenga dhayagiramu yendege hakubatsiri kana usingakwanise kuwana chaiyo. Masosi epamutemo haana kufanana ese, rimwe nerimwe rine chinangwa chakasiyana, uye kusarudza risiri iro kunotambisa nguva kana, zvakatoipa, kunokupa ruzivo rwechinyakare.
- Peji rekutsvaga reFAA Airport Diagrams
- Chart Supplement US (d-CS), nhevedzano yemabhuku e7-volumes
- SkyVector, kuronga ndege online mahara
- Mawebhusaiti ega ega enhandare yendege seChicago Executive Airport
- Jeppesen machati ekushandisa michina
- Odha yeFAA JO 7110.10 yemadhayagiramu ebasa rekubhururuka
- AirNav.com kuti uwane ruzivo rwekutanga pamusoro penhandare yendege
Chinyorwa cheFAA's Chart Supplement US ndicho chinopa madhayagiramu enhandare yendege muUnited States. Izvi zvinosanganisira nhandare yega yega yendege inoshandiswa neveruzhinji uye zvinosanganisira mafrequency, nzvimbo dzinonetsa, uye manotsi ekushanda asingashandiswe nemadhayagiramu ega ega.
Dhonza dhayagiramu yenhandare yendege yauri kuronga kushanyira vhiki rinouya. Tevedzera nzira yetekisi kubva pamugwagwa wepamusoro kuenda kunhandare yendege. Cherechedza nzvimbo dzinopisa. Tarisa mafrequency. Ita izvi usati wagara mucockpit, ndipo panova dhayagiramu chishandiso, kwete kungotarisa chete.
Kuverenga Data reMargin neNgano
Ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuchengetedza padhayagiramu yendege rwuri kunze kwedhayagiramu pachayo. Vatyairi vendege vanodarika data remuganho vari kufamba neruoko rumwe rwakasungirirwa kumashure kwavo, vachirasikirwa nemafrequencies, mazuva ekushanda, uye njodzi dzinoshandura mepu isingachinji kuita chishandiso chekushanda.
Dhayagiramu yega yega yepamutemo ine zuva rekuvandudzwa kwazvino mumucheto wepamusoro. Zuva iroro rinokuudza kana dhayagiramu ichiratidza kuvakwa kwazvino, nzira dzekutakura vanhu dzakavharika, kana shanduko dzema frequency. Dhayagiramu yekare yakaipa pane kusava nedhayagiramu, inopa chivimbo chenhema. Zuva rinoshanda rinoratidza kuti dhayagiramu inoshanda pahwindo rendege yako.
Rondedzero yemafrequency ari pamucheto haisi zano. Ndiyo seti yakazara yemachaneli eredhiyo anoshanda ekutumira magwaro, kudzora pasi, shongwe, uye ATIS. Vatyairi vendege vanoisa mafrequency aya mumaredhiyo avo injini isati yatanga kushanda vanochengetedza masekondi akakosha panguva yetekisi. Muganho wacho unoratidzawo kukwirira kwenhandare yendege, izvo zvinokanganisa marongero ealtimeter uye kuverenga mashandiro endege painobva.
Ngano iyi inoronga zviratidzo zvinoita kuti dhayagiramu iverengeke. Mitsetse yekubatira mugwagwa, nzvimbo dzakakosha dzeILS, uye miganhu yenzvimbo dzisingafambi imwe neimwe ine chiratidzo chayo. Kukanganisa kuverenga chiratidzo chemutsetse wekubatira zvinoreva kuyambuka nzira yekumhanyira iri kushanda isina nzvimbo. Ngano iyi haisi yekushongedza, ndiyo kiyi yezviratidzo zvese zvekuchengetedza pamusoro.
Tora margin sechinhu chekutarisa usati waenda kundege. Dhonza dhayagiramu, skena zuva, simbisa mafrequency, uye ongorora zviratidzo zvengano zvendege dzako dzekusimuka nekusvika. Dhayagiramu pachayo haibatsiri pasina mamiriro aripo emargin.
Mashandisiro Anoita Vatyairi Vendege Madhayagiramu Munguva Yetekisi
Dhayagiramu yendege inova chishandiso chekufamba-famba chinoitika kana ndege yabuda pagedhi. Zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvepasi hazviitiki nekuti vatyairi vendege havana chati, asi nekuti vanoiona senzira yekutarisa pane kunyora nhanho nhanho.
Step 1: Ongorora dhayagiramu injini isati yatanga kuronga nzira yetekisi kubva pagedhi kuenda kunhandare yendege yakapihwa. Iyi gadziriro yekutanga inovaka muenzaniso wepfungwa wehurongwa hwenhandare yendege kuitira kuti mutyairi wendege agone kutarisira matendeuko uye kubata mapoinzi mapfupi pane kuita chimwe chinhu. Kusvetuka danho iri kunoshandura mirairo yese yeATC kuita kumhanyisa kutsvaga nzira chaiyo yetekisi.
Step 2: Cherechedza nzvimbo dzinopisa uye mafrequency akanyorwa mumucheto usati wafonera vanodzora pasi. Mutyairi wendege anenge atoona nhamba dzenzvimbo dzinopisa dzakatenderedzwa padhayagiramu anogona kuudza vashandi kuti vanofanira kungwarira zvakanyanya papi. Izvi zvinoshandura muganho wemuganho kuita nzvimbo chaiyo yekubata panguva yetekisi.
Step 3: Tevedzera mirairo yeATC uchitarisa-tarisa kutenderera kwega kwega wobva wabata poindi pfupi uchitarisa dhayagiramu. Dhayagiramu iyi inosimbisa kuti mirairo yemutongi inoenderana nehurongwa hwemuviri, zvichiita kuti pave nekusawirirana kusati kwava kupindirana. Mutyairi wendege anoverenga dhayagiramu asingateereri redhiyo anenge achibhururuka asingaoni.
Step 4: Shandisa dhayagiramu kusimbisa kubata mitsetse mipfupi uye nzvimbo dzekuyambuka mugwagwa usati wayambuka chero nzvimbo inoshanda. Dhayagiramu inoratidza nzvimbo chaiyo yechiratidzo chega chega chekubata chipfupi kana tichienzanisa nemugwagwa wetekisi, saka mutyairi wendege anoziva chaizvo pekumira. Kufungidzira kuti mutsetse uri papi ndiko kutanga kwekupinda kwemugwagwa.
Step 5: Gadzirisa dhayagiramu neNOTAMs kana shanduko dzenguva pfupi panguva yemusangano wepamberi pekubhururuka. Nzira yekutakura vanhu yakavharwa kana muganhu wakabviswa usina kunyorwa pachati unova njodzi panguva iyo ndege inotanga kufamba. Dhayagiramu yacho yakanaka chete sekugadziriswa kwekupedzisira kwayakaitwa.
Kupedzisa maitiro aya kunoshandura chati isingachinji kuita chishandiso chekuchengetedza chinotungamira kufamba kwese kwepasi. Mutyairi wendege anotevera matanho aya anosvika panhandare yendege akagadzirira kubhururuka, asingapore kubva pakukanganisa kwekufamba.
Madhirama eNhandare Yendege Yepamusoro Usati Waenda Nendege Inotevera
Madhayagiramu enhandare yendege haasi ekutarisa akagadzirwa nejira repamusoro kuti avhurike mushure mekumhara. Iwo maturusi ekuchengetedza anoshanda anotsiva kufungidzira nekuva nechokwadi panguva yega yega yekufamba kwepasi. Muverengi iye zvino anonzwisisa kuti nhamba yenhandare yendege inyaya yemagineti, tsamba yechitima inzira yekufambisa, uye nhamba yenzvimbo inonyanya kukosha mumucheto injodzi yakanyorwa inoda ruzivo.
Kusarudza kusvetuka ongororo yedhayagiramu yetaxi isati yatanga kutyaira ...
Tora dhayagiramu yenhandare yendege yako yekumba paSkyVector kana paFAA site izvozvi. Tevedzera nzira yetekisi kubva pamugwagwa unoenda kunhandare yendege yaunowanzo famba nayo. Tsvaga nzvimbo dzinonyanya kufarirwa. Verenga data remumucheto. Ita izvi kune imwe neimwe nhandare yendege usati waenda ikoko. Kuvimba kunobva pakugadzirira, kwete kubva pane zvakaitika chete.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezvemadhayagiramu Endege
Madhayagiramu enhandare yendege anonzi chii?
Madhayagiramu enhandare yendege anozivikanwa zviri pamutemo semachati enhandare yendege kana kuti machati enhandare yendege, uye ndiwo mamepu anoshandiswa nevatyairi vendege pakufamba nendege panhandare dzendege. Federal Aviation Administration inoaburitsa sechikamu cheChart Supplement, uye anowanzo nziwo madhayagiramu enhandare yendege kana machati ekufamba kwenhandare yendege.
Ndingawana kupi madhayagiramu enhandare yendege?
Madhayagiramu epamutemo enhandare yendege anowanikwa zvakananga kubva pawebhusaiti yeFAA Diagrams, iyo inokutendera kuti utsvage uchishandisa kodhi yenhandare yendege chero ipi zvayo yemuUS. Kuti uwane mukana wedhijitari, SkyVector inopa madhayagiramu aripo pamwe chete nezvimwe zvishandiso zvekuronga ndege, uye mawebhusaiti ega ega enhandare yendege anowanzo chengeta mavhezheni awo ekutarisa pakutyaira.
Zvinorevei nhamba 27 panhandare yendege?
Nhamba 27 iri panhandare yendege inoratidza kuti magnetic heading yayo ndeye 270 degrees, zvichireva kuti nhandare yendege yakatarisa kumadokero. Nhamba iyi inowanikwa nekukamura magnetic azimuth negumi, saka nhandare yendege yakananga kumabvazuva yaizove nenhamba 09, kwete 9, kuratidza 090-degree heading yakazara.
Ndedzipi mhando ina dzenzira dzekumhanyira ndege?
Mhando ina dzenzira dzekumhanyira ndege dzinoti nzira dzekumhanyira ndege dzinoonekwa, nzira dzekumhanyira ndege dzisina kunyatsojeka, nzira dzekumhanyira ndege dzine nzira dzekumhanyira ndege dzine michina yekumisa ndege (ILS). Rudzi rumwe nerumwe rune zviratidzo zvakatarwa uye zvinodiwa pachiedza zvinosarudza kuoneka kudiki uye mamiriro edenga anogona kudzika pasi pemutyairi wendege, uye kusiyana uku kunoratidzwa zvakajeka pamadhayagiramu enhandare yendege.
