Chii Chinoitwa neMutongi weNdege? Basa Chairo Rinopfuura Radar Screen

Izwi riri paredhiyo rinonzwika rakadzikama. Rinenge rava kuda kufinhwa. Asi mushure mezwi iroro rakagadzikana, mutyairi ari kutevera ndege dzakawanda pachiratidziro cheradar, achidudzira mamiriro ekunze, uye achiita sarudzo dzinochengetedza mazana evanhu vakachengeteka. Tsananguro zhinji dzinogumira pa "kutaura nendege." Izvozvo hazvishande basa rese. Kutaurirana ndiwo mugumisiro unooneka wemaitiro ekuziva anogara achiita: kuongorora, kufanotaura, kugadzirisa kusawirirana kusati kwaitika.

Chinyorwa chino chinopa ruzivo rwakakwana nezvezvinoitwa neATC. Kwete shanduro iri nyore. Basa chairo rinoitwa nepakati pemashongwe, maTRACON, nenzvimbo dziri munzira. Magwaro mazhinji haatauri nezvemihoro. Uye pfungwa imwe chete isiriyo inoita kuti basa riite seriri nyore kupfuura zvariri.

Chii Chinoitwa neATC? Mutoro Mukuru Unotsanangurwa

Mutongi wezvekufambisa ndege (ATC) munhu ane basa rekugadzirisa kufamba kwendege munzvimbo inodzorwa kuti pave nenzvimbo dzakachengeteka pakati padzo. Basa iroro rimwe chete, kupatsanurwa, rinoita kuti pave nenzvimbo yega yega inobvumirwa, vhekita yega yega inopihwa, uye kuendeswa kwese kwakaitwa. Basa harisi rekutaura. Rine chekuita nekuona kuti ndege mbiri hadzina kumbogara mudenga rimwe chete panguva imwe chete.

Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti basa iri ibasa remushandi weredhiyo. Chokwadi ndechekuti zvakasiyana. Mutongi anopedza nguva yakawanda yebasa rake achitarisa pachiratidziro cheradar, achigadzira mufananidzo wemotokari dziri kufamba makiromita akawanda kumativi ese.

Vanopa mvumo yekubvisa ndege zvichibva pamufananidzo iwoyo. Vanoongorora ndege kuti vadzivise kusawirirana. Vanoronga kusvika kwendege dzakawanda kuitira kuti dzikwanise kumhara zvakachengeteka dzakatevedzana. Vanopa vanhu simba rekutonga pakati pezvikamu. Zvinobuda zvinonzwika zviri nyore. Mutoro wekuziva uri shure kwacho hausi zvachose.

Chinoita kuti basa iri riome kutsanangura ndechekuti zvishandiso nenzvimbo zvinoshanduka zvichienderana nekuti mutyairi wendege anoshanda kupi. Mutyairi weshongwe anoshandisa kuona nekutarisa pamusoro penzvimbo. Mutyairi weTRACON anoshandisa sisitimu yakasiyana yeradar inotarisa kusvika nekubva. Mutyairi wendege ari munzira anotarisira traffic mumazana emakiromita achishandisa data rekubhururuka uye radar iri kure. Basa guru, kupatsanurana, harimbochinji. Asi maitiro azvinoitwa anosiyana zvikuru. Kusiyana ikoko ndiko kunoita kuti air traffic control system yakarongeka sezvairi.

Kunzwisisa zvinoitwa neATC zvinoreva kunzwisisa kuti kuparadzaniswa chinhu chinoramba chiripo uye zvimwe zvese zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Mutongi ari pashongwe diki nemutongi ari panzvimbo huru yekufambisa vari kuita zvimwe chete nezvishandiso zvakasiyana. Kuti tinzwisise basa racho, Purogiramu yeBureau of Labor Statistics inopa pokutangira panobatsira.

Shongwe, TRACON, Munzira: Kunoshanda Vatongi Chaizvo

Mhando nhatu dzenzvimbo dzinoshanda macontroller hadzichinjiki. Imwe neimwe inoda hunyanzvi hwakasiyana uye mhando yakasiyana yekutarisa. Kunzwisisa panogara controller kunochinja manzwisisiro aunoita zvinoitwa neatc mukuita.

Kudzora Shongwe: Nyika Inoona

Vatongi veshongwe ndivo vane nzvimbo dzekumhanyira ndege nedzematekisi. Vanoshandisa nzira dzinoonekwa nemaziso, mabhinocular, uye kuona ndege zvakananga. Kupatsanurana kwemaziso ndicho chishandiso chikuru pano. Mutongi weshongwe anobvisa 737 kuti ibude uku achiona Cessna ichiyambuka musuwo uri shure kwayo.

TRACON: Kuendeswa kweRadar

Vanodzora ndege vanosvika nekubva vari makiromita angangoita makumi mashanu kubva panhandare yendege. Vanodzora ndege ava havambooni ndege.

Vanotarisa mafambiro endege pa radar screen uye mafambiro endege akarongeka. Kubva panhandare huru yendege kunopihwa mutariri wezvekufamba kwemhepo paTRACON mukati memaminitsi mashoma ekusimuka. Kumhanya kwacho hakuchinji. Ndege dzakawanda dzinosangana kubva kumativi akasiyana, uye mutyairi anodzibatanidza kuita rwizi rumwe chete kuti dzisvike pakupedzisira.

Nzvimbo Yepakati Penzira: Mugwagwa Mukuru Wepamusoro

Vatongi vendege vari munzira vanotarisira kufamba kwemotokari pakati pemaguta ari pakakwirira. Ndege inobva kuNew York ichienda kuChicago inopfuura nemumasector matatu kana mana ari munzira. Mutongi wega wega wechikamu anotarisa denga, anochinja kukwirira kwendege, uye anoendesa ndege kune imwe nzvimbo. Basa racho rine hurongwa kwete hwehondo.

Pfungwa Isina Kururama Yokuti Vatongi Vanongotaura Nendege

Vanhu vazhinji havanzwisisi zvinoitwa nemutyairi wendege nekuti chinobuda chinoonekwa chete kutaura. Izwi rakadzikama paredhiyo rinochinja musoro kana kuti rinobvisa kudzika rinoita seriri nyore. Maonero iwayo epamusoro ndipo panobva pfungwa dzisina kururama.

Kuvhiringidzika kunoramba kuripo nekuti basa racho rinoita sehurukuro. Mutyairi wendege anotaura chimwe chinhu, anopindura. Izvozvo zvinonzwika sekunge zvakajairika. Munhu wese akamboshandisa redhiyo ine nzira mbiri anofunga kuti anonzwisisa basa racho. Asi redhiyo ndiyo nhanho yekupedzisira mukuita kusingamiri.

Pamberi: Maonero asina kunaka anobata controller semushandi weredhiyo anopa mirayiridzo. Mutyairi wendege anokumbira nzvimbo yakaderera. Controller anoverenga nzvimbo yacho. Kuchinjana kunotora masekondi gumi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti controller akanzwa chikumbiro ndokupindura nemutemo waakadzidzira nemusoro. Basa racho rinoita sekutaura.

Mushure: Basa chairo nderekugadzirisa zvinhu nepfungwa nguva dzose. Kunyange zvazvo mutariri uyu akapindura chikumbiro chekukwirira, vaitarisawo radar kuti vaone kana paine zvinangwa zvinosangana, vachitarisa mamiriro ekunze ari kumucheto kwechiratidziro, uye vachiongorora pfungwa dzevanhu vatatu vaitevera.

Mhinduro yakaitwa yakabva pachisarudzo chaiyera kuparadzaniswa, kufamba kwemotokari, uye mikana yekuchengetedza. Kutaurirana chibereko chesarudzo yakaoma, kwete basa pacharo. Basa iri nderekutarisira Air Traffic Control Communications inofamba nendege dzakawanda panguva imwe chete, negedhi rega rega richitakura huremu hwehupenyu mudenga.

Musiyano uyu unokosha nekuti unochinja manzwisisirwo uye kuremekedzwa kwebasa iri. Mutongi anonzwa akadzikama paredhiyo haasi nyore kuchinja. Vari kuita basa rekufunga zvakanyanya asi vachiita kuti riite seriri nyore. Inzwi raunonzwa ndiro donhwe rinooneka remaitiro asingaonekwe. Kuti unyatsoongorora mashandiro anoita sisitimu iyi kuseri kwezwi rakadzikama, mashandiro anoita kudzora kufamba kwemhepo inotsanangura mashandiro ayo redhiyo isingamboburitse pachena.

Ko ATC Inowana Mari Yakawanda Here? Mufananidzo weMuhoro

Muhoro ndiwo mubvunzo unobvunzwa nemunhu wese paanotsvaga kuti ATC inoitei. Mhinduro pfupi ndeyekuti hongu, asi mufananidzo chaiwo unoenderana nekuti unoshanda kupi uye kuti wagara ikoko kwenguva yakareba sei.

Mihoro inosiyana zvikuru mumhando nhatu dzezvivakwa. Vatongi vemashongwe panhandare dzendege diki vanowana mari shoma pane vamwe vavo panhandare huru. Vatongi veTRACON nevari munzira vanobata traffic yakawanda uye kuoma kwakawanda, zvichireva kuti mihoro yakakwira.

Chiyero chemari inobhadharwa nehurumende yevanotonga zvinhu chakarongwa zvichienderana nekuoma kwenzvimbo uye kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo. Mutongi ari panzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda vari munzira seari muLeesburg, Virginia anowana mari yakawanda kupfuura mutongi ari pashongwe diki kumaruwa eMontana.

Mari yekushanda maawa ekuwedzera uye yekushanda maawa ekushanda inowedzera zvakanyanya pamari yekutanga. Vatongi vanoshanda husiku, pakupera kwevhiki, uye pamazororo vanowana mitengo yepamusoro. Bhizinesi reBasa Statistics inosimbisa kuti muhoro wepakati uri pakati pemihoro yepamusoro-soro pamabasa asingade dhigirii remakore mana. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti mabasa anodiwa. Mari yakawanda inouya nekushanda nguva yakawanda, kuchinjana kwemabasa, uye kushushikana kusingaenzaniswi nemamwe mabasa mashoma.

Vanhu vanowana mari yakawanda muzvivakwa zvine vanhu vakawanda vanowana mari yakawanda. Mari iyoyo inoratidza mutengo wekukanganisa kwakayerwa muhupenyu, kwete madhora. Kugadziriswa kwenzvimbo kunowedzera imwe nzira. Vatongi vemabhizinesi mumaguta anodhura zvakanyanya akadai seNew York kana San Francisco vanowana mari yakawanda kupfuura vashandi vanoshanda navo vanoita basa rakafanana munzvimbo dzinodhura zvishoma.

Ndiani Anobhadharwa Zvakawanda, ATC kana Pilot?

Mabasa ese ari maviri anopa mukana wekuwana mari yakawanda, asi maitiro emari anogona kusiyana zvakanyanya. Mubvunzo wekuti ndiani anowana mari yakawanda unoenderana nekuti unokoshesa sei kugadzikana kana kuti kukwira, uye kuti uri papi muhurongwa hwebasa rega rega.

Mutongi wendege anoshanda mukati memuhoro wehurumende, muhoro wake uchienderana nekuoma kwenzvimbo yacho uye kugara kwenguva refu. Kuwanda kwemabasa ekushanda nekushanda kwevashandi kunowedzera, uye vatongi vanowanzo svika pamusoro pemuhoro wavo mukati memakore gumi. Kuchinjana uku kunonyanya kukonzera matambudziko emari, hapana mari yekushanda, hapana mabhonasi ekushanda, hapana nzira yekuenda mugore rine nhamba nomwe.

Mutyairi wendege anowana mari yekufamba nendege paawa, mitengo yendege inokwira zvakanyanya zvichienderana nerudzi rwendege uye nguva yaanoshanda. Mari yekushanda nedhiziri uye mari yekubhadhara inowedzera huwandu hwendege, asi vatyairi vanongobhadharwa kana injini dzichishanda. Chinhu chakanaka ndechekuti, vakuru vemakombi makuru vanogona kuwana mari kupfuura chero mutyairi, asi nzira yekuwana mari iyoyo inotora makore gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri ekuvaka nguva yaanoshanda nekuvandudza ndege hombe.

Vatongi vanokunda kana vachikurumidza kusvika pamari yepamusoro uye vachifungidzira nguva yavanenge vachishanda. Mutyairi wendege anowana mari yakawanda munguva imwe chete neyaanotora mutyairi wendege kusvika pachigaro chekuruboshwe chendege ine muviri wakamanikana. Vatyairi vendege pavanokunda padenga rakazara, mukuru wendege ine muviri wakafara anodhonza nzendo dzekunze kwenyika anogona kuwana mari yakawanda kupfuura chero mutyairi ari mundege iyi.

Kune munhu anokoshesa zvakajeka basa revatongi vekufamba nendege Nenzira yakatsanangurwa yekubhadhara, nzira yeATC ndiyo nzira yakangwara. Kune munhu anoda kuchinjana makore gumi emubhadharo wakaderera kuti awane mukana wepamusoro, nzira yekutanga inovhura musuwo wepamusoro.

Mutongi wegore rekutanga panzvimbo yakaoma zvikuru anowana mari yakawanda kupfuura mutongi wegore rekutanga mukambani yekutakura zvinhu yemunharaunda. Mukana iwoyo unowedzera nekufamba kwenguva, asi mutongi wemotokari aiwana mari yakawanda nepo mutyairi wendege achiri kugadzira maawa ekushanda.

Basa reATC muKushanda Kwendege Kwezuva Nezuva

Kubhururuka kubva kuNew York kuenda kuChicago hakusi rwendo rumwe chete runodzorwa nemunhu mumwe chete. Imujaho wekutumirana pakati pevanodzora ndege vatatu vakasiyana vasingambooni ndege asi vanoichengetedza padanho rega rega. Basa reATC nderekuona kuti kufamba kwendege kwakachengeteka, kwakarongeka, uye nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinopatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvinotsanangura chiito chega chega chinoitwa nemutyairi.

Kuparadzana ndiyo hwaro husingakurukuriraniswe. Mutongi anochengetedza ndege dziri kure zvichienderana nedaro uye kureba, achishandisa radar returns uye mafambiro ekufamba kwendege kudzivirira kusawirirana. Kutevedzana kunotevera, kurongeka kusvika nekubva kuitira kuti ndege dzimharare munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoenderana nehukuru hwenhandare yendege. Ruzivo runopedzisa triad: shanduko dzemamiriro ekunze, mazano emigwagwa, uye mamiriro enhandare yendege ayo vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kuita sarudzo.

Funga nezvendege iyoyo kubva kuNew York kuenda kuChicago. Mutongi weshongwe anoibvisa pagedhi opinda munzira yendege, achitarisa zvipingamupinyi. Masekondi mashoma mushure mekusimuka, mutongi weTRACON anotora basa, achitarisa kukwira kwendege munzvimbo yakazara yemuchadenga yakatenderedza metro. Ipapo mutongi ari munzira anotora basa, achitarisira ndege iri pakakwirira kupfuura nepakati pemiganhu yenyika, achiiendesa kune imwe nzvimbo nechikamu kusvika yatanga kudzika muChicago. Mutongi wega wega anoshanda nechinangwa chimwe chete asi zvishandiso zvakasiyana, zviratidzo zvinoonekwa, mascope eradar, uye air navigation systems dzinoratidza ruzivo rwendege.

Mufambi anonzwa inzwi rakadzikama richichinja musoro. Chavasingaoni imuchina wekutarisa pachikirini cheradar kuti vaone kana paine dambudziko rinotevera, achitarisa mamiriro ekunze, uye achironga kutevedzana kwevanosvika nemaminitsi gumi mberi. Kutaurirana ndiko kuguma kwekupedzisira kwemaitiro asingamiri.

Izwi iroro rakadzikama rakabva pamakore ekuziva maitiro.. Vatongi vanodzidza kuverenga radar, sezvinoita mutambi wechesi, achiona njodzi nemikana isati yanyatsoumbwa.

Zvinodiwa Kuti Uve Mutongi weNzendo

Nzira yekupinda mubasa iri yakamanikana uye hairegereri. FAA inodzora kuti ndiani anowana mukana, uye zvinodiwa zvinobvisa vanhu vakawanda vasati vatombonyorera.

• Muganho wezera. FAA haizodzidzise munhu anenge apedza makore makumi matatu nerimwe ekushanda, mutemo wakabatana nezera rekurega basa rinosungirwa kusvika pamakore makumi mashanu nematanhatu.
• Dzidzo kana ruzivo. Dhigirii reBachelor rinozadzisa zvinodiwa, asi makore matatu eruzivo rwebasa renguva yakazara anokwanawo.
• Kubvumidzwa kwechiremba. Kuongororwa kwechiremba kweKirasi II kunoongorora kuona, kunzwa, uye hutano hwepfungwa, chero mamiriro ezvinhu asingakodzeri anogumisa chikumbiro.
• Chikoro cheFAA. Vanyoreri vanobudirira vanopinda chirongwa chekudzidziswa chemwedzi yakawanda paFAA Academy muOklahoma City, vachidzidza maitiro eradar nemitemo yemuchadenga.
• Kudzidziswa kwenzvimbo. Mushure meAcademy, vadzidzi vanouya kunzvimbo yavakapihwa kwemwedzi yakawanda yekudzidziswa vari kubasa vachitungamirirwa nemurairidzi ane certification.
• Chitupa. Kupasa bvunzo yekupedzisira yehunyanzvi uye kuwana chiyero chenzvimbo zvinodiwa usati washanda wega mumigwagwa.

The Maitiro ekufanirwa kweFAA yakagadzirirwa kukundikana vazhinji vanonyorera basa. Sangano iri rinotora vanhu vashoma chete vanonyorera basa nekuti basa iri harigoni kushivirira kusawirirana.

Munhu wese ari kufunga nezvebasa iri anofanira kutsvaga ruzivo mutengo wekudzidziswa kwevanodzora traffic yendege Kudyara mari panguva yekudzidziswa kwakakosha, uye mikana yekupedza zvidzidzo izvi haisi yekubatsira.

Mutemo wezera unobata vanhu vazhinji vasingafungi. Kusvitsa makore makumi matatu nemaviri FAA isati yagadzirisa chikumbiro chako kunogumisa nzira zvachose. Hapana zvimwe zvinosara kune ruzivo rwekare rwechiuto kana madhigirii epamusoro.

Kurambwa kwevanachiremba kunowanzoitika kakawanda kupfuura zvinotarisirwa nevanyoreri. Kusaona ruvara, mimwe mishonga inonyorerwa nachiremba, uye nhoroondo yekurapwa kwepfungwa zvinogona kugumisa maitiro acho asati atanga. FAA inoburitsa runyorwa rwakazara rwemamiriro ezvinhu asingakodzeri, uye munhu wese anoda basa rekurapa anofanirwa kurwuongorora asati anyorera.

Nguva Inotevera Yaunobhururuka, Yeuka Izwi Riri Kuseri Kweredhiyo

Izwi iroro rakadzikama paredhiyo rinobuda musystem isingaonekwe nevafambi vazhinji.. Iye zvino wava kuziva zvinoitwa neATC: controller haisi kungotaura chete, vari kuvaka modhi yepfungwa yendege yega yega iri mukati memakiromita, vachiverenga kupatsanurwa, uye vachiita sarudzo dzisingasiyi mukana wekukanganisa.

Kunzwisisa kuomarara uku kunochinja manzwiro aunoita inzwi iroro. Nguva inotevera kana ndege ikamiswa pedyo nenhandare yendege kana kuti ikatenderedzwa nemamiriro ekunze, kunonoka hakusi kukundikana kwehurongwa. Ndihwo hurongwa hunoshanda sezvakagadzirwa, nemunhu anoona zvausingakwanise. Teerera zvakasiyana parwendo rwako runotevera. Inzwi iroro rakadzikama inzwi remunhu ari kugadzirisa nyonganyonga munguva chaiyo. Basa racho rinofanira kupfuura kufunga kunopfuura. Rinofanirwa kuremekedzwa.