Mapapiro endege akasiyana-siyana uye akaoma kunzwisisa sezvinoita ndege yaanonamatira. Dhizaini yavo inoshamisa yeinjiniya, kubatanidza fizikisi, aerodynamics, uye zvinhu zvesainzi kusimudza matani esimbi mudenga. Asi haasi mapapiro ese endege anosikwa akaenzana. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemapapiro dzinoshanda zvinangwa zvakasiyana, uye kuzvinzwisisa kwakakosha kune chero munhu anofarira mundima yekubhururuka. Mugwaro rino rakazara, tichaongorora marudzi masere ekupedzisira emapapiro endege uye kuti akasiyana sei kubva kune rimwe.
Ndege Wings Overview
Mapapiro endege chinhu chinotsanangudza chechero mota inofambiswa nendege. Ndivo vanonyanya kusimuka, vachibvumira ndege kusimuka, kufamba nechikepe kukwira, uye ivhu zvakanaka. Mapapiro haangori zvimiro zvakamira; ivo imba kudzora nzvimbo dzakadai zvimbi uye kurova, iyo inobvumira vatyairi vezvikepe kuti vashandise kurira kwendege, kukunguruka, uye yaw panguva yekubhururuka. Pamusoro pezvo, mapapiro anowanzo aine matangi emafuta uye magiya ekumhara, achiratidza basa ravo rakasiyana-siyana mukugadzira ndege.
Kukosha kwemapapiro endege hakugone kuwedzeredzwa. Iwo akagadzirwa zvine hungwaru kutonga mafambiro emhepo uye kudzvanywa, achigadzira kusimudza kunodiwa kukunda simba regiravhiti. Tichifunga nezvekusiyana-siyana kwendege - kubva kudiki, majeti ekurwira kusvika kundege hombe, dzenguva refu dzekutengesa - hazvishamise kuti mapapiro anouya mumhando dzakasiyana, saizi, uye masisitimu.
Kunzwisisa kuoma kunzwisisa kwemapapiro endege kwakakosha kune vatyairi vendege, mainjiniya emuchadenga, uye vanofarira zvendege zvakafanana. Ndiwo musimboti chaiwo uye wekufananidzira wekuita uye kugona kwendege, uye kushanduka kwadzo nekufamba kwenguva kunoratidza kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwemuchadenga uye manzwisisiro atinoita ma mechanics ekubhururuka.
Kunzwisisa kukosha kweAircraft Wings Design
Magadzirirwo emapapiro endege anokanganisa zvakanyanya kuita kwendege, kushanda kwayo, uye kugona kwayo. Maumbirwo, saizi, uye magadzirirwo ebapiro anotarisisa maitiro ayo aerodynamic, sekusimudza, kudhonza, uye kugadzikana. Zvinhu izvi zvakakosha nekuti zvinokanganisa kukwanisa kwendege kubhururuka, kufamba, uye kutakura mitoro.
Bapiro dhizaini chiyero chakapfava chekukwikwidza zvinodiwa. Semuyenzaniso, mapapiro marefu anowanzo kupa kusimudza kwakawanda uye anoshanda zvakanyanya pakumhanya kwekufamba, asi anogona zvakare kuwedzera huremu uye kuderedza maneuverability. Sezvineiwo, mapapiro mapfupi anogona kuwedzera kugona asi angangoda simba rakawanda kuchengetedza kusimudza. Mainjiniya anofanirwa kufunga nezvekuchinjana uku pakugadzira mapapiro emhando dzakasiyana dzendege.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekugadzira bapiro ndeye airfoil, chimiro chemuchinjikwa-chikamu chebapiro. Iyo airfoil inoraira mafambiro emhepo yakatenderedza bapiro, ichikurudzira kusimudza uye kudhonza maitiro. Magadzirirwo akasiyana efoil anokodzera dzakasiyana siyana dzekubhururuka kwendege, senge subsonic, transonic, kana supersonic kumhanya, uye dzinofanirwa kusarudzwa zvinoenderana kuti dzienderane nechimiro chechinangwa chendege.
Mabatiro Emapapiro Endege Anobata Kudzora Kwemutyairi
Kumutyairi wendege, magadzirirwo emapapiro endege anokanganisa zvakananga kutonga kwaanoita ndege. Kudaira kwemapapiro kune inopinza kubva kunzvimbo yekudzora chinhu chakakosha chekubata. Kana mutyairi wendege achishandura ma ailerons kana maflaps, ari kushandura chimiro chebapiro kuti achinje masimba ayo anofamba nemhepo, zvichibvumira kutonga chaiko pamusoro pekufamba kwendege.
Kugoverwa kwehuremu pamwe chete nebapiro - inozivikanwa sebapiro kurodha - inokanganisawo kutonga. Mapapiro akaremerwa akaremerwa anogona kupa mamwe maneuverability asi anogona zvakare kubatwa zvakanyanya kushungurudzika uye zvinoda kunyatsobata. Mapapiro akaremerwa zvakanyanya, kune rumwe rutivi, anopa kubhururuka kwakapfava mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma asi anogona kusadaira pakudzora mapinji.
Uyezve, nzvimbo yemapapiro pane fuselage (yakakwirira-bapiro, yepakati-bapiro, kana kuti yakaderera-bapiro) inokanganisa kugadzikana kwendege nekukunguruka kwayo. Zvinhu izvi zvinobatana kuti zvitsanangure ruzivo rwomutyairi pakubhururuka nendege, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwekugadzirwa kwemapapiro ekudzora mutyairi.
Basa reMapapiro Endege muFlight Dynamics
Basa remapapiro endege rinopfuura kungochengeta ndege iri mudenga. Zvinobatsira mukubhururuka kwendege, sainzi yemasimba anoshanda mundege panguva yekubhururuka, uye mhinduro yendege kune aya masimba. Mapapiro anobatsira kune matatu ekutanga maficha ekubhururuka kwesimba: kusimudza, kudhonza, uye chinguva.
Lift isimba rinokwira kumusoro rinogadzirwa nemapapiro anopesana negiravhiti. Kuwanda kwekusimudza kunogadzirwa kunoenderana nekona yebapiro rekurwisa, chimiro, nzvimbo, uye density yemhepo. Kuzvuzvurudza isimba rekudzivirira rinopikisa kufamba kwendege nemumhepo, uye rinokonzerwa nemagadzirirwo ebapiro uye kushata kwepamusoro.
Nguva yacho ndiyo muitiro wendege kutenderera pamusoro penzvimbo yayo yegiravhiti, inotapurwa nokuiswa uye chimiro chemapapiro. Magadzirirwo emapapiro anogona kusimbisa kugadzikana uye kutonga, zvichibvumira vatyairi vendege kuchengetedza nzira dzendege dzinodiwa uye kugadzirisa zvinodiwa zviri nyore.
Kutsanangura Mhando Sere dzeMapapiro Endege
Mapapiro endege anouya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, rimwe nerimwe riine hunhu uye zvakanakira. Pano tinotsanangura mhando sere dzekutanga dzemapapiro endege:
Straight Wings: Mapapiro akatwasuka, anozivikanwawo semapapiro ane rectangular, ndiwo akareruka uye anowanzo kuwanikwa mundege inononoka. Kunyanya kukosha kwavo kuve nyore uye nyore kuvaka. Mapapiro akatwasuka anopa kusimudza kwakanaka nekumhanya kwakaderera uye akanakira kusimuka kupfupi uye kumhara (STOL) kugona. Nekudaro, ivo vanogona kugadzira kudhonza kwakakosha nekumhanya kwakanyanya, kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwavo pane inokurumidza ndege.
Elliptical Wings: Mapapiro eElliptical anoonekwa nekutsetseka kwawo, oval chimiro, izvo zvinoderedza kukweva kunoitwa. Muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa wemapapiro ane elliptical unowanikwa paSupermarine Spitfire, murwi weHondo Yenyika II. Mapapiro eElliptical anopa kusimudzira kugovera kugovera, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kugona kwakanakisa uye kukwira kuita. Zvisinei, zvakaoma uye zvinodhura kugadzira.
Swept Wings: Mapapiro akatsvairwa anotenderedzwa kumashure kubva pamudzi wawo kuenda kumuromo, izvo zvinobatsira kunonoka kutanga kwemafungu ekuvhunduka pakumhanya kwetransonic. Iyi dhizaini yakajairika pamajeti emazuva ano ekukurumidza uye dzimwe ndege. Mapapiro akatsvaira anoderedza kudhonza nekumhanya kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti ave akakodzera rwendo rurefu, rwekumhanya-mhanya. Nekudaro, ivo vanogona kutambura nenyaya dzakaita senge aeroelasticity uye inoda kungwarira manejimendi epakati peiyo ndege.
Delta Wings: Mapapiro eDelta anoumba chimiro chegonyo huru uye anowanzoshandiswa pandege dzepamusoro, dzakadai seConcorde. Vanobatanidza simba rakakwirira, kudhonza kwakaderera pakumhanya kwakakwirira, uye nzvimbo yakakura yepamusoro yekusimudza. Mapapiro eDelta anogona kuchinjika zvakanyanya pakumhanya zvakanyanya asi anogona kunge asina kudzika-kumhanya kubata pasina akaomesesa ekudzora masisitimu.
Canard Wings: Canard mapapiro ane mapapiro madiki kana seti yemapapiro madiki ari pedyo nemberi kwendege. Iyi dhizaini inogona kuvandudza maneuverability uye kupa kumwe kusimudza. Ndege ine canard mapapiro, akadai seEurofighter Typhoon, inowanzoratidza kuita kwakanakisa panguva yekurwa uye aerobatic maneuvers.
Variable-Sweep Wings: Variable-sweep mapapiro, anonziwo swing mapapiro, anogona kushandura kona yavo yekutsvaira panguva yekubhururuka. Izvi zvinobvumira ndege kuti iwedzere kushanda kwemapapiro pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvekumhanya. Iyo F-14 Tomcat muenzaniso unozivikanwa wendege ine mapapiro anotsvaira-chinja, ichiigonesa kukunda mune zvese zviri pasi-speed dogfights uye high-speed intercepts.
Tandem Wings: Mapapiro eTandem ane mapapiro maviri makuru, rimwe kuseri kwerimwe. Iyi gadziriso inogona kupa yakanakisa kusimudza-kune-kudhonza ratios uye kugadzikana. Kunyange zvisingawanzo shandiswa, mapapiro etandem anogona kuonekwa pane imwe ndege yekuedza uye yekupedzisira, yakadai se Quickie Q2.
Oblique Wings: Oblique mapapiro imhando isingawanzo apo rimwe bapiro rinotsvaira mberi uye rimwe rinotsvaira kumashure. Iyi dhizaini ine chinangwa chekudzikisa supersonic dhiza uchichengetedza subsonic performance. Iyo NASA AD-1 muenzaniso wendege ine oblique bapiro. Ndichiri kuvimbisa mudzidziso, mapapiro oblique haana kuona kutorwa kwakapararira nekuda kwekuoma kwavo uye kudzora matambudziko.
Kukosha KweMapapiro Endege Akasiyana eVatyairi
Kune vatyairi vendege, kunzwisisa kukosha kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemapapiro kwakakosha pakuziva kuita kwendege. Imwe neimwe mhando yemapapiro inopa yakasarudzika seti yehunhu iyo inogona kukanganisa mabatiro anoita ndege mumamiriro akasiyana ekubhururuka.
Mapapiro akatwasuka uye ane elliptical anokosheswa nekuda kwekuita kwavo kwakadzikama uye kunofanotaurwa pakumhanya kwakaderera, zvichiita kuti ive yakanakira kudzidziswa uye ndege yakareruka. Mapapiro akatsvairwa uye delta anofarirwa nevatyairi vejeti dzinokurumidza nekuda kwekushanda kwavo kwekumhanya uye kugona kuchengetedza kubhururuka kwepamusoro.
Canard uye mapapiro anotsvaira-achinja anopa vatyairi vezvikepe zvakasiyana-siyana kuti vagadzirise mashandiro endege sezvinodiwa, zvichipa hunyanzvi panguva dzakasiyana dzekubhururuka. Mapapiro eTandem uye oblique, kunyange asingawanzowaniki, vatyairi vanouya vane hunhu hwakasiyana hwekubata hunogona kubatsira muhunyanzvi mamiriro ekubhururuka.
Kunzwisisa zvakanakira uye zvisingakwanisi kuitwa nebapiro rebapiro kunoita kuti vatyairi vendege vakwanise kuita sarudzo vaine ruzivo nezvekushanda kwendege, zvichibatsira kuti ndege dzive dzakachengeteka uye dzishande zvakanaka.
Kuongorora Yakananga Ndege Wings
Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuti marudzi emapapiro akasiyana sei anoshandiswa, ngationgororei ndege chaiyo uye magadzirirwo emapapiro avanoshandisa:
Cessna 172 - Mapapiro Akarurama: The Cessna 172 indege yakakurumbira yekudzidzira ine mapapiro akatwasuka. Iyi dhizaini inopa yakagadzikana kubata uye yakanaka yakaderera-kumhanya kuita, zvichiita kuti kukanganwira kune vadzidzi vendege.
Boeing 747 - Swept Wings: Boeing 747, ndege inozivikanwa nevakawanda, ine mapapiro akatsvairwa anoibvumira kuti ifambe zvakanaka panzvimbo yakakwirira uye kumhanya, kuderedza kudhonza nekuchengetedza mafuta.
F-22 Raptor - Delta uye Canard Wings: Iyo F-22 Raptor inoshandisa musanganiswa wemapapiro edelta nemakanidhi kuti iwane hukasha hunoshamisa uye kuita mukumhanya kwepamusoro uye kwakaderera, inoenderana nebasa rayo semurwi wepamusoro wemhepo.
B-2 Mweya - Inobhururuka Bapiro: Iyo B-2 Spirit stealth bhomba inoshandisa dhizaini yemapapiro anobhururuka, inova chikamu chakakosha pachayo, kuderedza radar yayo yepakati-chikamu uye kuwedzera kushanda kwemafuta kune mamisheni akareba.
Nokuongorora iyi mienzaniso, munhu anogona kunzwisisa kuti kugadzirwa kwemapapiro kunofananidzwa sei nezvinodiwa chaizvo uye mabasa endege dzakasiyana.
Magadzirirwo evatyairi vendege kune Akasiyana Ndege Bapiro
Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kuchinjisa nzira dzavo dzekubhururuka kuti dzienderane nemhando dzakasiyana dzemhando dzemapapiro endege. Kuchinja kubva kune rumwe rudzi rwebapiro kuenda kune rumwe kunogona kuda kugadziridzwa kwakakosha mumabatiro anoita vatyairi vendege kumhanya, kudzora zvinopinda, uye maitiro endege panguva dzakasiyana dzekubhururuka.
Semuenzaniso, kufamba kubva mundege ine mapapiro akatwasuka kuenda kune ine mapapiro akatsvairwa kungasanganisira kudzidza kubata mamhanyiro epamusoro uye kugadzirisa mukana wekumisa mapapiro panguva yekutenderera kwakasimba. Saizvozvo, kuchinjika kuenda kundege ine canard mapapiro kungangoda imwe nzira yekusimuka nekumhara nekuda kweiyo yakasarudzika yekusimudza hunhu hwemberi.
Vatyairi vendege vanowanzo dzidziswa hunyanzvi kuti vave nehunyanzvi hwekubata hunhu hwemhando dzakasiyana dzemapapiro. Masimulators nendege dzinotungamirwa nevarairidzi dzakakosha mukubatsira vatyairi vendege kuvaka hunyanzvi hunodiwa kuti vashandise ndege dzakasiyana siyana zvakachengeteka uye nemazvo.
mhedziso
Remangwana rekugadzira mapapiro endege rine mikana inonakidza. Nekufambira mberi mune tekinoroji uye zvekushandisa, mainjiniya ari kuongorora pfungwa nyowani senge morphing mapapiro, ayo anogona kushandura chimiro mukubhururuka kuti agone kuita, uye magadzirirwo akafuridzirwa nebio anotevedzera kugona kwemapapiro eshiri.
Sezvo ndege dzichiramba dzichisunda miganhu yekumhanya, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kugona, kugadzirwa kwemapapiro pasina mubvunzo kuchaita basa guru muzviitiko izvi. Kuvandudzwa muhunyanzvi hwemapapiro kunogona kutungamira kune dzimwe nzira dzakasimba dzekubhururuka nendege, kudzikisira kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kuwedzeredzwa kuchengetedzeka nekunyaradza kune vafambi.
Vhura Zvakavanzika zveAircraft Wing Design pa Florida Flyers Flight Academy. Wana Maoko-Pachiitiko neAkasiyana Mapiro Mhando uye Tenzi Nuances eFlight Dynamics. Simudza Unyanzvi Hwako hwekuyera kuenda kuNzvimbo Itsva. Nyoresa Zvino.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve Private Pilot Ground School Course.
