Sinthani Mapiko mu Maola 5 mpaka 10: Zofunikira pa Mapiko Apamwamba vs Otsika kwa Oyendetsa Magalimoto

Mapiko ataliatali amapachika fuselage pansi pa cholembera cha ndege, zomwe zimapatsa oyendetsa ndege mawonekedwe abwino a nthaka, mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu yokoka, komanso makhalidwe oipa. Mapiko otsika amakwera pansi pa kabati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziona bwino komanso kuti nthaka ikhale yosalala kuti azitha kuyenda bwino, kuti injini igwire bwino ntchito, komanso kuti injini ifike mosavuta. Palibe njira iliyonse yomwe imapambana: oyendetsa ndege akutchire ndi aphunzitsi oyendetsa ndege amakonda mapiko ataliatali, pomwe oyendetsa ndege oyenda pansi ndi ophunzitsa ndege ambiri amakonda mapiko aatali.

TL; DR:

• Mapiko ataliatali amalola kuti mafuta aziyang'aniridwa mosavuta pansi ndipo amapereka kukhazikika kwa pendulum, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo otsetsereka azikhala osavuta komanso malo oti ndege ifike mosavuta.
• Mapiko otsika amathandiza kuti mafuta azitha kukwera mofulumira, kuti ma roll ayambe kugwedezeka bwino, komanso kuti nthaka ikhale yosalala bwino.
• Kusintha pakati pa magulu a mapiko nthawi zambiri kumatenga maola 5 mpaka 10 a kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndipo kuphunzitsidwa koyambirira kumathandiza kupita patsogolo pantchito.
• Kusankha mapiko kumadalira ntchito: mapiko aatali amagwirizana ndi kuuluka ndi kuyang'aniridwa, pomwe mapiko aafupi amapindulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kudutsa dzikolo komanso malonda.
• Oyendetsa ndege ayenera kuyendetsa ndege zonse ziwiri asanamalize kupereka maganizo awo, poganizira kwambiri mitundu ya ndege zomwe akufuna kulowa nawo kapena kugwira ntchito mwaukadaulo.

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

• Mapiko Aakulu ndi Aafupi: Kusiyana kwa Kapangidwe ka Pakati ndi Machitidwe
• Kuyenda kwa Aerodynamics: Kukhazikika, Zotsatira za Pansi, ndi Khalidwe Lokhazikika
• Kuuluka ndi Kusamalira Mtundu Uliwonse wa Mapiko Tsiku ndi Tsiku
• Mtundu wa Mapiko Ogwirizana ndi Ntchito
• Kodi Kusankha Mapiko Kumatanthauza Chiyani Pa Nthawi Yanu Yophunzitsira?
• Kusankha Phiko Sikokhudza Malingaliro, Ndi Ntchito
• magwero
• FAQ

Mapiko Aakulu ndi Aafupi: Kusiyana kwa Kapangidwe ka Pakati ndi Machitidwe

Kusiyana kumeneku kumadalira pa chisankho chimodzi: kodi phiko limamatirira pamwamba pa denga la nyumba kapena pansi pa pansi? Chisankho chimodzi chimenecho chimakhudza momwe mafuta amayendera, momwe zida zotera, komanso momwe mumapakira katundu.

Pa ndege yokhala ndi mapiko aatali ngati Cessna 172, phiko lake limakhala pamwamba pa fuselage, ndipo matanki amafuta amakhala mkati mwa phiko lenilenilo, pamwamba pa injini. Mphamvu yokoka imakoka mafuta kupita ku carburetor kapena makina ojambulira mafuta popanda pampu yogwira ntchito. Ndege zokhala ndi mapiko aafupi zimatembenuza geometry imeneyo. Matanki amakhala pamtunda wa injini kapena pansi pa kutalika kwake, kotero injini nthawi zambiri imadalira mapampu amafuta amagetsi kapena oyendetsedwa ndi injini kuti akankhire mafuta mmwamba, ndikuwonjezera kulumikizana kwa makina pakati pa inu ndi injini yomwe ikugwira ntchito.

Kusiyana kwa mafuta ndi makina a mafuta kumawonekeranso mukamayenda musanayambe ulendo wanu. Ndege zokhala ndi mapiko akuluakulu zimakulolani kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndikutulutsa madzi kuchokera pamalo oyimirira pafupi ndi muzu wa mapiko, ngakhale kuti kukweza matanki nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kukwera makwerero kapena kuponda tayala kuti mufike pa chivundikiro cha filler. Ndege zokhala ndi mapiko ochepa zimasinthiratu chizolowezi: kudzaza mafuta n'kosavuta kuchokera pansi, koma kuyang'anira madzi kuchokera pansi kumatanthauza kugwada kapena kufikira pansi pa phiko, oyendetsa ndege oyenda pansi adatcha "kuyenda kwa abakha," malinga ndi AOPA.

Kulumikiza zida zokwerera kumatsatira mfundo yomweyi. Mapangidwe a mapiko aatali nthawi zambiri amaika zida zazikulu ku fuselage kapena kapangidwe ka strut pansi pa kanyumba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kapangidwe ka mapiko kakhale koyera ndikumasula malo amkati a zitseko zonyamula katundu kapena katundu wolemera. Mapangidwe a mapiko aafupi nthawi zambiri amamanga zidazo m'phiko lokha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fuselage ikhale yopyapyala koma zimayika bokosi la kapangidwe ka phiko pansi pa kanyumba, nthawi zina pamwamba pa chipinda chonyamulira katundu, pa Zosavuta Flying.

Musanayambe ulendo uliwonse, mosasamala kanthu za momwe zinthu zilili, tsatirani mndandanda womwewo wa zinthu zofunika:

• Yang'anani kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'njira yowoneka bwino ndipo tulutsani madzi pamalo otsika kwambiri pa thanki iliyonse.
• Yang'anani mizu ya mapiko ndi zolumikizira za strut kuti muwone ming'alu, ma rivets osasunthika, kapena madontho a mafuta.
• Onetsetsani kuti zida zolandirira, matayala, ndi zingwe za mabuleki sizikuwonetsa kutuluka kwa madzi kapena kuwonongeka kwachilendo.
• Onetsetsani kuti malo owongolera akuyenda momasuka ndipo mtunda wonse ukugwirizana ndi buku la malangizo oyendetsera ndege.

Kuyenda kwa Aerodynamics: Kukhazikika, Zotsatira za Pansi, ndi Khalidwe Lokhazikika

Kukhazikika kwa mapiko kumasintha momwe ndege imamvera mukangokhudza zowongolera, ndipo fizikisi yomwe ili kumbuyo kwake imachokera komwe pakati pa mphamvu yokoka imakhala poyerekeza ndi phiko.

Ndege zokhala ndi mapiko aatali zimaonetsa zomwe mainjiniya amazitcha kuti pendulum stability. Fuselage imapachikidwa pansi pa phiko ngati cholemera pa chingwe, kotero ndegeyo mwachibadwa imafuna kubwerera ku liwiro lofanana pambuyo pa chisokonezo. Ndege zokhala ndi mapiko aafupi sizilandira mphamvu yokhazikika, kotero opanga mapulani amalipira dihedral, ngodya yokwera yomwe mumawona pamene nsonga za mapiko a ndege yokhala ndi mapiko aafupi zimakhala pamwamba kuposa muzu wa phiko. Dihedral imapangitsa ndege yotsetsereka m'mbali kupanga kukweza kwambiri pa phiko la pansi, ndikuyibwezera kumbuyo.

Zotsatira za pansi zimakhala zosiyananso. Pamene ndege ya mapiko otsika imatsika mpaka mamita ochepa otsiriza isanagwe, kuyandikira kwa phiko ndi bwalo la ndege kumasokoneza ma vortices a m'mphepete mwa mapiko ndikuchepetsa kukoka, ndichifukwa chake ophunzira omwe amayendetsa ma trainer a mapiko otsika nthawi zambiri amawona ndege "ikuyandama" nthawi yayitali ikaphulika. Ndege za mapiko okwera zimakhala kutali ndi pansi, kotero sizimamveka bwino kwambiri pansi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pa bwalo la ndege modziwikiratu.

Khalidwe la malo oimikapo magalimoto limasiyana m'njira zosamveka bwino. Chifukwa chakuti ndege zokhala ndi mapiko aatali zimanyamula kulemera kwawo pansi pa mapiko, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malo opumula osavuta okhala ndi chizolowezi chotsika kwambiri, zomwe zimakupatsa chenjezo lowonjezera. Ndege zokhala ndi mapiko aafupi, makamaka zomwe zimakhala ndi mapiko ambiri, zimatha kuyima mwadzidzidzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale ngati mipiringidzo ya malo oimikapo magalimoto kapena m'mbali mwake zokongoletsedwa ndi zingwe.

Malangizo okhudza momwe mapiko otsika amayendera panyanja ndi chifukwa chimodzi chosavuta: kuchepetsa kusokoneza komwe phiko limakumana ndi fuselage, komanso ubwino wa aerodynamic wa kukweza mapiko ambiri komwe kumawonjezera mphamvu ya ndege. Malo Oyendera Ndege a RV Kugwirizana ndi kuyankha kwamphamvu kwa ma roll pamapangidwe ogwirizana ndi magwiridwe antchito. Kupeza mphamvu koteroko ndi chifukwa chake ndege zambiri zoyenda mumlengalenga komanso zoyang'ana liwiro zimalephera kuyika mawonekedwe otsika a mapiko.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa aerodynamic komwe kumayenera kukumbukiridwa:

• Mapiko aatali: kukhazikika kwa pendulum, malo otsetsereka ofewa, mphamvu yochepa yochokera pansi.
• Mapiko otsika: kukhazikika koyendetsedwa ndi dihedral, mphamvu yozungulira yolimba, kuyandama kwamphamvu kwa mphamvu ya nthaka.
• Zonse ziwiri: kuchuluka kwa dihedral ndi katundu wa mapiko zimasiyana malinga ndi chitsanzo, kotero izi ndi zizolowezi, osati zenizeni.

Ngati mukufuna kudziwa bwino chifukwa chake dihedral ndi mapiko zimayendera motere, umboni wolimba wa aerodynamics imalongosola masamu popanda kukubisa m'ma equation.

Kuuluka ndi Kusamalira Mtundu Uliwonse wa Mapiko Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kusiyana komwe mumawerenga m'buku la sukulu yapansi kumakhala kukumbukira minofu nthawi yomweyo mukayamba kuuluka ndi kutembenuza ma wrench mu ndege.

Kuwoneka kumasiyana malo osawoneka bwino ndi ena. Oyendetsa ndege okhala ndi mapiko akuluakulu amawona bwino nthaka, malo, ndi magalimoto omwe ali pansi, zomwe zimafotokoza chifukwa chake anthu ambiri ojambula zithunzi za m'mlengalenga ndi ogwira ntchito m'nkhalango amasankha mapiko aatali. Koma phiko lomwelo limatseka thambo pamwamba ndi m'mbali mukatembenuka, nthawi yeniyeni yomwe muyenera kuwona magalimoto omwe akulowa mu dongosololi. Oyendetsa ndege okhala ndi mapiko otsika amawona thambo bwino akatembenuka ndi kukwera, koma phikolo limabisa nthaka ndi malo oimikapo ndege akamatsika, makamaka m'mphepete mwa phiri pamapeto pake.

1. Sikani mwadala kuti muwone ngati mwawona malo omwe simukuwadziwa. Oyendetsa ndege okhala ndi mapiko akuluakulu ayenera kukweza phiko lawo kwakanthawi asanatembenuke kuti aone ngati magalimoto ali pamwamba; oyendetsa ndege okhala ndi mapiko otsika ayenera kutsika pang'ono kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma S-turns akatsika kuti achotse malo olowera ndege omwe ali pansipa.
2. Onetsetsani kuti mafuta akuyendera bwino monga momwe ndege yanu ikufunira. Ma sump a mapiko aatali amatuluka mosavuta pafupi ndi muzu; ma sump a mapiko aafupi amafunika kufikika pansi pa phiko, choncho konzekerani nthawi yowonjezera m'malo mofulumizitsa cheke.
3. Lemekezani malo otsetsereka pansi pa malo osakonzedwa. Ndege zokhala ndi mapiko otsika zimakhala pafupi ndi miyala, udzu wautali, ndi zinyalala, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zakunja ku zipilala ndi malo owongolera panthawi ya ntchito zovuta.
4. Konzani njira yosungiramo zinthu mozungulira mapiko. Mapangidwe a mapiko otsika nthawi zambiri amapereka mwayi wabwino wopita ku injini ndi makina okonzera mizere, pomwe mapangidwe a mapiko aatali nthawi zambiri amafunikira malo oimikapo kapena makwerero kuti ayang'anirenso chimodzimodzi, mfundo imodzi. Pilot Institute zinthu zofunika kwambiri poyerekeza ndalama zosamalira nthawi zonse.

Ovomereza Tip: Dzipatseni nthawi yokwanira paulendo wanu wotsatira musananyamuke. Ngati kuyang'anira kutentha kwa ndege kapena kuyang'ana mafuta m'maso kukukudyani mphindi zowonjezera chifukwa cha kutalika kwa mapiko, onjezerani chotetezera chimenecho muzochita zanu zonse musananyamuke m'malo mochita zinthu mwachangu kwambiri.

Mtundu wa Mapiko Ogwirizana ndi Ntchito

Kusankha mapiko ndi chisankho cha ulendo wovala zovala zobisika. Gwirizanitsani ndege ndi ntchitoyo, ndipo phiko "labwino kwambiri" limawonekera bwino paulendowo.

Mapiko ataliatali ndi omwe amalamulira kuuluka m'nkhalango, kuyang'ana m'mlengalenga, ndi ntchito za panyanja chifukwa malo otsetsereka pansi ndi m'madzi amateteza phiko ku zopinga, ndipo kunyamula katundu kapena okwera pansi pa phiko lotseguka n'kosavuta kuposa kugwira ntchito mozungulira phiko laling'ono. Ogwira ntchito zothandizira kusuntha katundu wamkulu kwambiri, ofufuza nyama zakuthengo akuzungulira pansi pa nthaka, ndi masukulu oyendetsa ndege omwe amaphunzitsa maphunziro a pulayimale mu ophunzitsa okhululuka onse amatsamira pamwamba pa mapiko pazifukwa zomwezo.

Mapiko otsika amapeza malo awo ogwirira ntchito paulendo wapamadzi komanso wamalonda. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndege mopanda mphamvu kumatanthauza kuti mafuta amayenda pang'onopang'ono, komanso kupeza mosavuta injini pansi kumathandizira kukonza bwino ndege zophunzitsa komanso oyendetsa ndege. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe Simple Flying imanenera kuti mapangidwe a ndege zotsika amalamulira ndege zazikulu zamalonda, komwe magwiridwe antchito a ndege zamakampani ndi katundu amafunikira mofanana ndi momwe kayendedwe ka ndege zimayendera.

Musanasankhe malo ophunzitsira kapena ndege yanu, werengani mndandanda uwu:

• Kodi cholinga chachikulu ndi chiyani: kuona malo ndi kuwona zinthu, kapena kuyendetsa bwino zinthu m'madera osiyanasiyana?
• Kodi mukufuna kudzisamalira nokha ndi njira zingati zokonzera zinthu m'mbali mwa hangar?
• Ndi gulu liti la mapiko lomwe limayang'anira gulu lophunzitsira lomwe mukufuna kuchita mwaukadaulo?
• Kodi msika wogulitsanso ndege m'dera lanu ukuyembekezera chiyani kuchokera ku gulu la ndege limenelo?

Si ndege zonse zomwe zimagwirizana bwino ndi gulu lililonse. Mapangidwe apakati ndi a mapewa alipo makamaka kuti agawanitse kusiyana pakati pa kuwoneka bwino ndi kapangidwe kake, njira ina Kulowa kwa makonzedwe a mapiko a Wikipedia makatalogu pamodzi ndi makonzedwe ofala kwambiri a okwera ndi otsika.

Kodi Kusankha Mapiko Kumatanthauza Chiyani Pa Nthawi Yanu Yophunzitsira?

Kusintha pakati pa mitundu ya mapiko si kukwera kwambiri. Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amanena kuti amamva bwino mkati mwa maola 5 mpaka 10 atatha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kaya kuchoka pa trainer ya mapiko aatali kupita ku ndege yovuta kwambiri ya mapiko aafupi kapena kubwerera m'mbuyo.

Nthawi yosinthira imeneyo si nthawi yotayika. Kuphunzira kuyendetsa bwino mphamvu ya mapiko otsika pansi panthawi ya kuphulika kumamanga kukhudza kolondola komwe kumapindulitsa mwachindunji mu maphunziro amalonda, komwe kulekerera mtunda wotera ndi kuwongolera liwiro la ndege ndikofunikira pa miyezo yoyendera. Kutsika kwa mphepo, kuyang'ana magalimoto komwe kumakonzedwa bwino komwe phiko lanu silikuwona, ndi macheke a mafuta omwe ali mu ndege yanu zonse ziyenera kubwerezedwanso mpaka zitayamba zokha, osati mabokosi okha omwe amawunikidwa pa khadi lokonzekera kuwuluka.

Aphunzitsi oyendetsa ndege nthawi zonse amaona njira yomweyo: ophunzira omwe amachita dala machitidwe onse awiri, m'malo mongogwira ndege imodzi chifukwa chofuna kukhala bwino, amakhala ndi chibadwa cholimba chogwiritsa ntchito ndodo ndi chiwongolero. Ngati cholinga chanu chikulozera ku mpando wa ndege, kukumana ndi mawonekedwe a mapiko a ndege kumayambiriro kwa maphunziro kumachotsa china chosadziwika kuchokera ku kusintha kukhala ndege yovuta komanso yogwira ntchito bwino.

Ovomereza Tip: Ngati cholinga chanu cha nthawi yayitali ndi malo ogulitsira kapena a ndege, funsani sukulu yanu yophunzitsa ndege kuti ndi mapiko ati omwe amalamulira gulu lake lapamwamba komanso la injini zambiri, kenako pemphani nthawi yoti muwagwiritse ntchito kale m'malo mopita patsogolo pa maphunziro anu.

Kusankha Phiko Sikokhudza Malingaliro, Ndi Ntchito

Palibe phiko "labwino" padziko lonse, ndipo oyendetsa ndege omwe amanena zosiyana nthawi zambiri amayendetsa ndege yamtundu wina ndipo sanagwiritse ntchito nthawi yofunikira pa ndege ina. Yankho loona mtima limadalira zomwe mukuchita ndi ndege: kukoka zida mumzere wa miyala, kupanga maola oyenda bwino kudutsa dziko, kapena kuphunzitsa gulu linalake la ndege pamsewu.

Upangiri wanga ndi wosavuta. Yambitsani maulendo onse awiri musanapange malingaliro olimba, ndipo funsani mphunzitsi wanu kuti afotokoze chifukwa chake ndege yanu yophunzitsira idasankhidwa paudindo umenewo. Ngati mukugwira ntchito yopita ku ndege kapena ntchito yamalonda, samalani ndi mtundu wa mapiko omwe amalamulira ndege zomwe mukufuna, chifukwa kudziwana kumeneko kumafupikitsa kusintha kwanu mukafika kumeneko. Njira yophunzitsira ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa mapiko.

— Rainer

Ngati mukujambula njira yanu yophunzitsira mozungulira zenizeni za ndege izi, Pulogalamu Yophunzitsa Ndege ya Flightschoolusa Yokhala ndi Mitengo Yokhazikika amapanga nthawi yolinganizidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndege kukhala mtengo umodzi wodziwikiratu, kotero kuwonekera kwa mapiko kumachitika mwadongosolo osati mwangozi. Ophunzira amachoka ku maphunziro oyendetsa ndege payekha kudzera mu malonda ndi zida zowunikira pogwiritsa ntchito FAA checkrides mkati, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchedwa kwa nthawi komwe kumawonjezera nthawi yophunzitsira kwina. Kwa oyendetsa ndege makamaka omwe akuyang'ana mpando wa ndege, Pulogalamu ya US Airline Pilot Career Program Zimaphatikiza maphunziro omwewo a ndege kukhala maphunziro a ntchito omwe amapangidwa motsatira mitundu ya ndege zomwe mungawuluke mwaukadaulo.

magwero

• Phiko pamwamba, phiko pansi - AOPA
• Ndege yokhala ndi mapiko aatali ndi ndege yokhala ndi mapiko aafupi - Kuuluka Kosavuta
• Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwa Ndege Yotsika ndi Yaikulu - Pilot Institute
• Kapangidwe ka mapiko - Wikipedia
• Kumvetsetsa ndege zotsika mapiko - RV Airspace

FAQ

Kodi Ndege Yaikulu Kapena Yapansi Ndi Yovuta Kuuluka?

Palibe chomwe chili chovuta kwenikweni. Mapiko ataliatali nthawi zambiri amamveka bwino akamakwera ndi kutsika kwa mphepo, pomwe mapiko otsika amafuna nthawi yolondola kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu yamphamvu ya nthaka.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Ndege Zambiri Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Mapiko Otsika?

Mapiko otsika amathandiza kuti pansi pa nyumba ndi katundu pakhale mosavuta, amateteza bokosi la mapiko kuti lisalowe m'malo osungiramo katundu, komanso amapereka mwayi wosavuta wopezera injini pansi pa galimoto kwa ogwira ntchito yokonza, monga momwe Simple Flying imanenera.

Kodi Ndege Zapamwamba Zili ndi Machitidwe Abwino a Mafuta?

Matanki okhala ndi mapiko akuluakulu amadyetsa injini pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka yokha, kuchotsa malo amodzi olephera kwa makina poyerekeza ndi makina omwe ndege zokhala ndi mapiko otsika nthawi zambiri zimafuna.

Kodi Zimatenga Nthawi Yaitali Bwanji Kusintha Pakati pa Mitundu ya Mapiko?

Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amamva bwino kwambiri atatha maola angapo akuyendetsa ndege modzipereka mu dongosolo latsopanoli, malinga ndi zomwe aphunzitsi akumana nazo pamaphunziro ophunzitsira ndege.

Ndi mtundu uti wa mapiko womwe uli wotetezeka mukafika mwadzidzidzi?

Ndege zokhala ndi mapiko otsika zimatha kupereka njira yotulukira mosavuta komanso kutsekereza kapangidwe kake kuchokera ku phiko pamene zikutera mmwamba, pomwe mapiko ataliatali angafunike kutuluka movutikira pansi pa phiko, malinga ndi AOPA.

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