250 NM, Njira Zitatu, Kulowa Kumodzi: Malamulo a FAA Instrument Cross Country

Malamulo a zida zodutsa dziko lapansi omwe ali pansi pa 14 CFR §61.65 amafuna maola okhazikika a nthawi yodutsa dziko lapansi ngati woyendetsa ndege, maola odziwika a nthawi ya zida ndi ena motsatira malangizo ovomerezeka, ndi ndege imodzi yayitali pa msewu wa makilomita 250 wa nautical yokhala ndi njira zolowera m'mabwalo atatu a ndege pogwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zosiyana. Njira yayitali yodutsa dziko lapansi iyenera kuyendetsedwa motsatira IFR, pa dongosolo la ndege loperekedwa, ndikulembedwa ngati njira imodzi yopitilira. Olembera ambiri omwe amalephera pa sitepe yoyendera amachita izi chifukwa cha kulakwitsa mtunda kapena kulemba buku losakwanira, osati ndege yomwe yasowa.

TL; DR:

• Ulendo wopita kudziko lina wa makilomita 250 uyenera kukonzedwa ndi buffer ya 10 mpaka 20 NM kuti ufotokoze za mphepo yamkuntho ndi kuchedwa kwa njira, ndipo umafuna njira zolowera m'mabwalo atatu a ndege pogwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zosiyana.
• Zolemba za logbook za ulendo wautali wodutsa dziko ziyenera kulemba njira yonse paulendo umodzi wopitilira ndi tsiku lenileni, njira, ndi mtunda wonse wa osachepera 250 NM, osati magawo osiyana.
• Maola oyeserera amatha kuthandiza pa nthawi yofunikira ya zida koma amachepetsedwa kukhala maola 10 pazida zoyambira ndi maola 20 pazida zapamwamba, ndipo sangathe kusintha malo enieni a 250 NM cross-country.
• Lamulo la mzere wolunjika wa 50 NM limagwira ntchito kuchokera pa eyapoti yoyambirira yochoka kuti mulembe nthawi yodutsa dziko lonse, ndipo maulendo apaulendo okhala ndi maulendo angapo amatha kulembedwa ngati njira imodzi yopitilira ngati atalembedwa bwino.
• Ophunzira ambiri amapindula ndi mapulogalamu ophunzitsira okonzedwa bwino omwe amaphatikiza kukonzekera njira, zolemba za log, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira, zomwe zimachepetsa zolakwika panthawi yoyeserera.

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

• Kodi §61.65 Imafuna Chiyani Kwenikweni pa Nthawi Yodutsa Dziko Lonse ndi Nthawi Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zida?
• Kodi Mumakonzekera Bwanji Ulendo Wautali wa 250 NM Wodutsa M'dziko Moyenera?
• Kodi Lamulo la 50 NM Limagwiranso Ntchito Mofanana ndi Nthawi ya Zida?
• Kodi Mungalowe Mu Simulator Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zingati?
• Kodi Kutanthauzira kwa FAA Kumati Chiyani Ponena za Mikangano Yokhudza Kulemba Mabuku?
• Kodi dongosolo loyenera la ndege ndi kulemba mitengo ku Long Cross-Country ndi liti?
• Chifukwa Chake Njira Zolondola ndi Nthawi Ndi Zofunika Kwambiri Kuposa Zomwe Ophunzira Ambiri Amayembekezera
• Momwe Pulogalamu ya Zida ya Flightschoolusa Imagwirizanirana ndi Malamulo Awa
• magwero
• FAQ

Kodi §61.65 Imafuna Chiyani Kwenikweni pa Nthawi Yodutsa Dziko Lonse ndi Nthawi Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zida?

Lamulo la Federal Aviation Regulation §61.65 limafotokoza zomwe wopemphayo amafunikira asanachite mayeso ogwiritsira ntchito zida, ndipo manambalawo ndi olondola osati oyerekeza. Wopempha aliyense wopempha zida ayenera kukhala wokhoza kuwabwereza monga momwe kapitawo amawerengera malire a kulemera ndi kulinganiza.

Zofunikira zake ndi izi:

• Nthawi yoyenda m'dziko lonse monga woyendetsa ndege, kuphatikizapo maola ena mu ndege ngati mukufuna kudziwa bwino zida za ndege.
• Nthawi yeniyeni kapena yoyerekeza ya chida, kuphatikiza maola olandiridwa kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wovomerezeka woyenera mlingo.
• Ulendo umodzi wautali wopita kudziko lina pansi pa IFR panjira yokwana makilomita osachepera 250 a panyanja, yokhala ndi njira yolowera pa eyapoti iliyonse ndi mitundu itatu yosiyana ya njira zolowera pandege.
• Chidziwitso chaposachedwa cha zida zoimbira chomwe chikuphatikizapo maphunziro a zida mkati mwa miyezi iwiri ya kalendala mayeso asanachitike, malinga ndi Mawu a eCFR a 14 CFR §61.65.

Anthu ofuna ntchito zoyendetsa ndege za helikopita ndi zonyamula zoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu amagwira ntchito motsatira muyezo wosiyana wakutali wodutsa dziko lonse: gawo lomwelo limayika mtunda umenewo pa mtunda wa makilomita 100 m'malo mwa 250, kotero oyendetsa ndege sayenera kuganiza kuti manambalawo amasamutsidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Mphamvu ya zida zophunzitsira za simulator ndi ndege yokhudzana ndi zofunikira pa zida za maola 40 ndi yocheperako, ndipo malire amenewo ali ndi chithandizo chawo pansipa. Chithunzi cha Cornell LII cha §61.65 ndi njira yothandiza yowunikira mawu osavuta poyerekezera ndi mawu a eCFR pamene mukufuna kutsimikizira gawo linalake popanda kudutsa mu kapangidwe kalamulo.

Kodi Mumakonzekera Bwanji Ulendo Wautali wa 250 NM Wodutsa M'dziko Moyenera?

Chofunikira cha makilomita 250 oyendera nyanja chimayesa njira yeniyeni yoyendera, kuphatikizapo njira iliyonse yoyendera mpweya kapena njira ya ATC, ndipo chiyenera kukhala makilomita osachepera 250 oyendera nyanja, osati mtunda wowongoka.

Zinthu zitatu zokonzekera ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa zina zilizonse paulendowu:

• Mtunda wa njira wokhala ndi buffer. Konzani 260 mpaka 270 NM m'malo mwa 250, chifukwa mphepo yamkuntho, kuyika ma vector, ndi kuchedwa kuimitsa kuti ituluke zimatha kuchepetsa kwambiri dongosolo lovuta.
• Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zida pa eyapoti iliyonse. Malo aliwonse oyima panjira amafunika kukonzedwa bwino, osati kungofika pamalo oimikapo basi.
• Mitundu itatu yosiyanasiyana ya njira Kudutsa mundege yonse. Malangizo a FAA, kuphatikizapo ndemanga zogwirizana ndi memo ya Carty, achepetsa kuwerenga kwa mbiri yakale ya "mitundu yosiyanasiyana" kotero kuti mizere yosiyanasiyana ya zocheperako pa mbale imodzi ya RNAV, monga LPV motsutsana ndi LNAV, ikhoza kukwaniritsa zofunikira pamene zothandizira kuyenda pansi zikuchotsedwa.

Ulendowu uyenera kuchitika motsatira IFR, kaya mu mikhalidwe yeniyeni ya zida kapena mu mikhalidwe yoyeserera ya zida ndi CFII kapena woyendetsa ndege wotetezeka, ndipo uyenera kuyendetsedwa motsatira dongosolo la ndege loperekedwa. Ulendo woyendera malo a VFR wokhala ndi chivundikiro suyenera, ngakhale zitakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji ya zida zomwe zalembedwa panjira.

Ovomereza Tip: ntchito Wokonzekera njira wa ForeFlight kuti muwerengere mtunda weniweni wa njira musanapereke fayilo, osati mtunda wowongoka womwe pulogalamuyi ikuwonetsa mwachisawawa pamapu. Manambala awiriwa nthawi zambiri safanana.

Kodi Lamulo la 50 NM Limagwiranso Ntchito Mofanana ndi Nthawi ya Zida?

Nthawi yodutsa dziko lonse pogwiritsa ntchito zida imatsatira tanthauzo lomweli la makilomita 50 a nautical lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwina mu Gawo 61: ndege yomwe imafika pamalo opitilira 50 NM, yoyezedwa molunjika, kuchokera pamalo oyamba oyambira. Kutanthauzira kwalamulo kwa FAA kuchokera ku Ofesi ya Chief Counsel kumatsimikizira kuti muyeso uwu umachokera ku eyapoti yoyambirira yoyambira, osati kuchokera pamalo aliwonse apakati, ndipo oyendetsa ndege amatha kulemba ulendo wa maulendo angapo ngati ndege imodzi kapena magawo osiyana malinga ngati mtunda wonse wakwaniritsidwa.

Kulemba molondola malo otsetsereka a 250 NM long cross-country kumatanthauza kulowa kamodzi kosalekeza m'malo mwa zinthu zitatu zosiyana pa malo atatu otsetsereka. Kulembako kuyenera kusonyeza:

1. Njira yonse, kulembetsa bwalo lililonse la ndege motsatizana.
2. Mtunda wonse wa njira ndi osachepera 250 NM.
3. Nthawi yeniyeni kapena yoyerekeza ya chida, yogawidwa padera.
4. Nthawi ziwiri zimalandira nthawi ngati CFII inali m'ngalawamo, kapena nthawi yoyendetsa ndege yotetezeka ngati ndegeyo yanyamulidwa yokha pansi pa mikhalidwe yoyeserera ndi wowonera woyenerera.

Oyendetsa ndege zachitetezo angalembetse ndegeyo ngati woyendetsa ndege nthawi yotsogolera ngati akwaniritsa zofunikira, koma woyendetsa ndege zachitetezo salembetsa nthawi yodutsa dziko pokhapokha ngati akwaniritsa zofunikira za 50 NM. Oyang'anira Oyendetsa Ndege Osankhidwa nthawi zonse amafufuza ngati gawo la "Kupita" likulemba malo aliwonse oyimilira komanso ngati zolemba zoyandikira zikuwonekera pa chilichonse, malinga ndi Kutanthauzira kwa malamulo a FAA pankhani yodula mitengo m'dziko lonselo.

Kodi Mungalowe Mu Simulator Yogwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zingati?

Zipangizo zophunzitsira za ndege ndi zida zophunzitsira za ndege zimatha kukhala ndi kulemera kwenikweni kwa nthawi yofunikira ya zida za maola 40, koma FAA imaletsa ngongoleyo. Zipangizo zophunzitsira za ndege (AATDs) nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi maola 10 okha a ngongole, pomwe AATD zapamwamba zimatha kupereka mpaka maola 20, kutengera kalata yovomerezeka ya chipangizocho. Malo ophunzitsira a Gawo 142 nthawi zina amagwira ntchito pansi pa zilembo zosiyanasiyana zovomerezeka zolembedwa m'mafotokozedwe awo ophunzitsira, kotero chiwerengero chomwe chili papepala pamalo amodzi sichofala.

• Nthawi ya Sim ingalowe m'malo mwa maola ambiri ofunikira a zida, koma osati nthawi ya 250 NM yodutsa dziko lonse, yomwe iyenera kuyendetsedwa mu ndege yeniyeni.
• Gwiritsani ntchito choyesererachi kuti muyesere njira zotsatizana ndikusunga zolemba musanaziulutse zenizeni.
• Tsimikizani malire a ngongole a chipangizo chanu ndi CFII yanu musanawerengere kuti ndi ndalama zomwe mwalipira maola 40.

Kodi Kutanthauzira kwa FAA Kumati Chiyani Ponena za Mikangano Yokhudza Kulemba Mabuku?

Kutanthauzira malamulo a FAA kulipo chifukwa oyendetsa ndege amafunsa mafunso omwewo, ndipo muyeso wa 50 NM umapanga mafunso ambiri kuposa gawo lina lililonse mu Gawo 61. Ofesi ya Woyimira Milandu Wamkulu yatsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti mtunda umayesedwa kuchokera pamalo oyamba oyambira, ndipo kuti ndege yokhala ndi malo angapo otera ikhoza kulembedwa ngati njira imodzi yopitira kudutsa dziko lonse m'malo mogawidwa m'magawo opanga, bola ngati mapepala akuwonetsa njira yonse.

Maganizo olakwika ochepa amaonekera mobwerezabwereza m'mafayilo ophunzitsira:

• Kukhulupirira kuti ndege ya VFR ndi foggles zili patali kumaonedwa ngati njira yayitali yodutsa dziko. Sizili choncho; ndegeyo iyenera kukhala pansi pa IFR.
• Kusokoneza njira yogwirira ntchito ndi "njira yogwiritsira ntchito zida pa eyapoti iliyonse", pomwe kutera konse kapena njira yolembedwa yochepetsera zinthu ndi zomwe chikalatacho chikuyenera kusonyeza.
• Kusiya mtundu wa njira yopanda kanthu mu gawo la ndemanga, zomwe zimakakamiza DPE kupempha wopemphayo kuti akonzenso kuthawa kwawo kuchokera mu kukumbukira panthawi ya mayeso a pakamwa.

Woyang'anira mbendera yofiira nthawi zambiri amaika chizindikiro: msewu wautali wodutsa dziko lonse wokhala ndi mtunda wokayikitsa wapafupi ndi 250 NM komanso wopanda dongosolo lothandizira ndege kapena njira ya ATC yotsimikizira momwe nambalayo idafikiridwira.

Kodi dongosolo loyenera la ndege ndi kulemba mitengo ku Long Cross-Country ndi liti?

Ulendo wautali wodutsa dziko lonse umachitika m'magawo atatu, ndipo kudumpha gawo lokonzekera ndi komwe mavuto ambiri obwera chifukwa cha kudula mitengo amayambira.

1. Ndege isananyamuke: Yesani mtunda weniweni wa ulendo pogwiritsa ntchito chida chokonzekera monga ForeFlight, tsimikizirani njira zomwe zikupezeka pa eyapoti iliyonse yomwe yakonzedwa, lembani dongosolo la ndege la IFR, ndipo gwirizanani ndi CFII yanu momwe ulendowo udzalembedwere.
2. Kuthawa: Yendetsani njira iliyonse monga momwe zalembedwera ndipo pamene idzalembedwera, tsatirani njira yofikira pamalo onse oimikapo ndege pa eyapoti komwe kuli dongosolo, ndipo dziwani njira iliyonse yoyendetsedwa ndi ATC yomwe imawonjezera kapena kusintha mtunda womwe mwakonzekera.
3. Pambuyo pa ulendo wa pandege: Lembani buku limodzi losalekeza lolembamo zomwe zikufotokoza njira yonse, lembani njira iliyonse malinga ndi mtundu ndi bwalo la ndege, ndipo lekanitsani nthawi yeniyeni ya chida ndi nthawi yoyeserera ya chida musanatseke choloweracho.

Ovomereza Tip: Fotokozani kapena sungani dongosolo lanu la ndege lomwe mwasunga ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa njira ya ATC musanatseke. DPE yemwe akukayikira kuchuluka kwa ndege yanu ya 250 NM adzalandira kusindikizidwa kwa dongosolo la ndege mwachangu kuposa kufotokozera pakamwa zomwe mukukumbukira milungu itatu yapitayo.

Chifukwa Chake Njira Zolondola ndi Nthawi Ndi Zofunika Kwambiri Kuposa Zomwe Ophunzira Ambiri Amayembekezera

Maphunziro opita ku chida chowongolera, maulendo omwe amamatira ndi omwe wophunzira amauluka molunjika, njira yosalondola, ndi njira yozungulira mu phunziro lomwelo, kenako ayenera kufotokoza kusiyana pakati pawo kozizira. Kubwerezabwereza kumeneko ndiko kumapangitsa kuti ulendo wautali wa 250 NM ukhale wosavuta m'malo movutikira. Kukonza nthawi yoyenda ndege mkati mwa zenera la miyezi iwiri lisanafike mayeso othandiza, m'malo moisunga mwachangu ndikulola ndalama kutha, kumapewa kusokoneza nthawi yokonzekera pambuyo pake. Silabasi Yokonzedwa Gawo 141 ndi ndondomeko yowongolera mkati mwa nyumba zimachotsa mikangano yambiri kwa ophunzira omwe akanakhala akusokoneza kupezeka kwa oyesa chifukwa cha nyengo.

— Rainer

Momwe Pulogalamu ya Zida ya Flightschoolusa Imagwirizanirana ndi Malamulo Awa

Flightschoolusa imamangidwa mozungulira malo oyesera omwewo omwe nkhaniyi yangodutsamo, zomwe ndizofunikira chifukwa pulogalamu yophunzitsira yomwe imawona ulendo wautali wodutsa dziko ngati lingaliro lomaliza imapangitsa kuti pakhale mipata yomwe imaonekera panthawi yovuta kwambiri, panthawi yolankhula pa checkride. Pulogalamu ya Instrument Rating Part 141 ya sukuluyi imapanga kukonzekera ndege ya 250 NM, malangizo a zida zotsogozedwa ndi CFII, ndi kukonzekera simulator motsatizana m'malo mosiya ophunzira kuti azisonkhanitsa pang'onopang'ono.

Nthawi zina ma checkrides amachitikira m'nyumba m'malo moyembekezera milungu ingapo kuti ophunzira apite kunja, ndipo aphunzitsi angayang'anenso zolemba zazitali za ophunzira zodutsa dziko lonse motsutsana ndi §61.65 asanafike pa desiki ya oyesa. Ngati mukukonzekera njira yanu yophunzitsira zida ndipo mukufuna pulogalamu yomwe zofunikira zolembera zimayikidwa mu silabasi m'malo mongosiyidwa kuti zichitike mwangozi, yang'anani zonse. pulogalamu yophunzitsira kuwunika zida ndipo yambani nthawi yanu yophunzitsira.

Nkhaniyi ndi yokhudza nkhani zonse, osati m'malo mwa uphungu wochokera kwa loya wodziwa bwino ntchito. Funsani katswiri wa zamalamulo wodziwa bwino ntchito yanu musanachitepo kanthu pa chilichonse apa.

magwero

• eCFR :: 14 CFR 61.65 – Zofunikira pakuyesa zida. (FAR 61.65)
• 14 CFR § 61.65 — Zofunikira pa kuwerengera zida (Cornell LII)
• Kutanthauzira kwa malamulo a FAA pa nthawi yodutsa dziko ndi kulemba maakaunti
• Thandizo la ForeFlight: zomwe zimafunika kuti ForeFlight izindikire ndege ya 250 NM yodutsa dziko lonse

FAQ

Kodi Zofunikira pa Cross-Country pa Kuyesa Zida ndi Chiyani?

Wofunsira zida amafunika maola 50 oyenda kudutsa dziko lapansi ngati woyendetsa ndege komanso maola 40 oyenda pa zida, kuphatikizapo ndege imodzi ya 250 NM pansi pa IFR yokhala ndi njira zolowera m'mabwalo atatu a ndege pogwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi 14 CFR §61.65. Osachepera maola 15 mwa maola 40 a zida ayenera kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wovomerezeka.

Kodi Lamulo la 3/6/6/6 IFR ndi chiyani?

Oyendetsa ndege nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chidule cha ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zida zokhudzana ndi njira, njira zogwirira ntchito, ndi maphunziro oletsa/kutsata mkati mwa miyezi yapitayi, osati zofunikira zoyambirira za satifiketi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu §61.65. Ndalama ndi satifiketi yoyamba ndi miyezo yosiyana, ndipo kuzisokoneza ndi gwero lofala la zolakwika zolembera.

Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chimawerengedwa ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana?

Ndege imawerengedwa ngati kudutsa dziko lonse ikafika pamalo opitilira makilomita 50 a panyanja, oyezedwa molunjika, kuchokera pamalo oyamba oyambira. Kutanthauzira kwalamulo kwa FAA kumatsimikizira kuti mtunda uwu umayesedwa kuchokera ku eyapoti yoyamba yochoka, ngakhale pamaulendo ambiri olembedwa ngati kulowa kamodzi.

Kodi Chiphaso Chovuta Kwambiri Chotani Chopezera Woyendetsa Ndege?

Pakati pa ziwerengero zomwe zimafala, kuwerengera zida kumaonedwa kuti ndi kovuta kwambiri chifukwa kumafuna chidziwitso cholondola cha njira, luso losatha la kusanthula zida, komanso kulembera bwino zomwe oyesa amafufuza mosamala. Pulogalamu ya Gawo 141 yokhala ndi malangizo okonzedwa bwino a CFII komanso ndondomeko yowunikira mkati imapangidwa makamaka kuti ichepetse kukangana komwe kumapangitsa kuwerengera kumeneku kumveke kovuta kuposa momwe kumafunikira.

akulimbikitsidwa

• FAA §61.109: Zocheperako za Cross Country zomwe Ophunzira a PPL Ayenera Kukwaniritsa
• Nthawi Yolembera Nthawi Yodutsa Dziko Lonse Motsatira Malamulo a FAA
• Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito: Zisankho Zomwe Zimatanthauza Kutera Motetezeka
• Kukonzekera kwa Dziko Lonse: #1 Ultimate Guide for Student Pilots