Ukuma kwe-crosswind yindlela efuna abaqhubi ukuba baqhube inqwelomoya yabo ngexesha lokugqibela lokufika kunye nokucofa ngelixa bejongene nemimoya evuthuza ngokuthe ngqo kumbindi womgaqo weenqwelo-moya. Lo mzekelo uzisa umngeni obalulekileyo, njengoko umoya onqumlayo unokusebenzisa amandla amakhulu asecaleni kwinqwelo-moya, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukugcina indlela ezinzileyo kunye nolungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo nomgaqo weenqwelo-moya.
Ukuma kwe-Crosswind yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqeqesho kunye nobuchule bomqhubi wenqwelomoya, njengoko zisenzeka rhoqo kwihlabathi lokwenyani. imisebenzi yenqwelomoya. Izikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezibekwe kwindawo ezinemimoya enqumlayo ekhoyo okanye ezo zikwiingingqi ezineepateni zomoya eziguquguqukayo zihlala zifuna ubuchule bokumisa ukunqumla imimoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo.
Ukukwazi ukwenza uhambo oluyimpumelelo lokumisa inqwelomoya bubungqina bobuchule bomqhubi wenqwelomoya, amava, kunye nokuqonda imigaqo-moya. Ifuna indibaniselwano yegalelo lolawulo oluchanekileyo, ulwazi lwemeko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule obuthile bokuchasana nemiphumo ye-crosswind.
Imingeni yeCrosswind Landings
Ukuhlalisa inqwelo-moya xa kukho umoya ovuthuzayo kunokuba lucelomngeni olukhulu kubaqhubi. Umoya ovela ecaleni utyhala inqwelo-moya isuke kumbindi womgaqo weenqwelo-moya, ifuna uhlengahlengiso oluthe gqolo ukugcina inqwelo-moya ihambelana kakuhle. Ukongezelela, iphiko elinyukayo livelisa ukuphakama okungakumbi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inqwelo-moya ifune ukuqengqelekela kwicala umoya oya ngakulo. Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya kufuneka basebenzise ngobuchule i amaphiko kwaye umkhonto ukuchasana nalo mkhwa kunye nokugcina isimo sengqondo somgangatho wamaphiko.
Ukuma kwe-Crosswind-landing kubeka iimfuno ezibalulekileyo kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya ngeli nqanaba libalulekileyo lokubhabha. Kufuneka bahlale beyiqaphela imeko ngexa besenza amagalelo olawulo rhoqo ukulwa nefuthe lomoya. Ukuba ayiphunyezwanga ngokugqibeleleyo, kukho ingozi yokubeka imithwalo yecala egqithisileyo isixhobo sokumisa njengoko inqwelomoya ifika phantsi. Oku kusenokuthi konakalise igiya okanye kubangele ukusilela kwisakhiwo kwinqwelomoya. Ukuba nobuchule bokukwazi ukuhlala phantsi kweemeko ezinqumla umoya sisakhono esiyimfuneko kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko.
Iziseko zeAerodynamics kwiCrosswind Conditions
Ukwenza oku kumisa ngempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu kwemigaqo ye-aerodynamic edlalwayo. Enye ingcamango engundoqo yi i-engile yolungiso lomoya (WCA) – i-engile phakathi kwe-axis yobude benqwelo-moya kunye nomgca osembindini wenqwelo-moya. Ukuseka i-WCA efanelekileyo ivumela umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ukuba alandele umgca ophakathi ngelixa ekhwela umoya. I-engile yoononkala ngokwayo yi-engile ephakathi kwe-axis yobude benqwelo-moya kunye nendlela yayo yokwenyani phezu komhlaba. Ukugcina i-angle yoononkala ekumoya igcina i ifuselage zilungelelaniswe nomoya ohambelanayo, ukunciphisa amandla asecaleni aphazamisayo.
Ngexesha lokufika kokuma, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokuthi ngabom baphembelele i-engile esecaleni – apho i-axis yobude ishiyana kwivektha yomoya. Esi silayiphu silawulwayo senza ukuba inqwelo-moya ilungelelaniswe nomgaqo weenqwelo-moya ohamba nesihloko ngeli lixa ugqogqa kumoya onqumlayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-sidelip iphinda yazise amandla asecaleni ongezelelweyo njengoko i-lift kunye ne-drag vectors ingasahambelani ne-axis ye-longitudinal.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka balawule ngobuchule kwaye bachasane nezi zixhobo zokunyusa ngasemva kunye nezirhuqa ngamagalelo achanekileyo olawulo kwii-ailerons, i-rudder, kunye nezinyusi. Iphiko elinyukayo livelisa ukuphakama okukhulu ngenxa yokwanda kokuhamba komoya, ukudala ukuthambekela kokuqengqeleka ekufuneka kubalwe nge-aileron. Ngeli xesha, isidenge somoya osezantsi sikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwephini elichaseneyo ukugcina inqwelomoya elungelelanisiweyo.
Kuyo yonke indawo yokuma kwe-crosswind, ulawulo lwenqwelomoya lufuna uhlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo nolulungelelanisiweyo kwinzame yokugcina ulungiso olufanelekileyo lomoya, unonkala, kunye nee-angles ezisecaleni. Ukungaphumeleli ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo le mikhosi ye-aerodynamic kunokubangela imithwalo yecala eligqithisileyo, umonakalo onokuthi ube khona, okanye ukulahlekelwa kolawulo ngexesha lesigaba esibalulekileyo sokuhamba.
Iindlela zokuHlala eziPhumeleleyo
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuHlala
Indlela kaNonkala
Ukulandela umkhondo weNdlela yoMmandla: Ngexesha lokufika kokugqibela, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ugcina i-engile yoononkala emoyeni, evumela i-axis ye-longitudinal yenqwelo-moya ukuba ikhombe kancinane kumgca osembindini wenqwelo-moya. Le engile yoononkala ihlawulela amandla asecaleni e-crosswind, ivumela inqwelomoya ukuba ilandele indlela enqwenelekayo yokusondela.
I-Decrab Maneuver: Njengoko inqwelo-moya isondela kwindawo yokucotha, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uqalisa indlela elawulwayo yokulahla i-decrab ngokufaka iphini lokujika ukulungelelanisa i-axis yobude benqwelo-moya kunye nomgaqo weenqwelo-moya ohamba phambili ngelixa egcina i-engile yoononkala emoyeni.
Ulungelelaniso: I-decrab maneuver ifuna ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo phakathi kwe-ailerons kunye ne-rudder ukugcina isihloko esifunekayo kunye nokuthintela inqwelomoya ekubalekeni isuka kumgca ophakathi.
Iphiko-Low Indlela
Ukubhanka kuMoya: Ngobu buchule, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ngabom ujongisa inqwelo-moya emoyeni, esebenzisa iphiko elisezantsi ukuze amelane namandla asecaleni omoya onqumlayo. Isixa se-engile yebhanki efunekayo sixhomekeke kumandla we-crosswind kunye ne isantya senqwelomoya.
Ukugcina iGlideslope kunye nengoma: Ngelixa ebhankini, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya kufuneka asebenzise amagalelo achanekileyo okulawula ukugcina i-glideslope efunekayo kwaye alandele umgaqo weenqwelo-moya. Le ndlela idinga uhlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo ukuhlawulela imiphumo eyahlukeneyo ye-crosswind.
ULungelelaniso lweRudder: Ulungelelwaniso olululo lwephini lokubamba iphini lubalulekile ukuze kuthintelwe inqwelo-moya ekuzamla okanye ukutyibilika xa ijonge ezantsi ngamaphiko.
Ukugqabhuka kunye neTouchdown
Ukugcina ulungelelwaniso: Ngexesha le-flare kunye ne-touchdown phase, umqhubi we-pilot kufuneka agcine igalelo lolawulo oluchanekileyo ukuchasana nemiphumo yalo kwaye aqinisekise ukucofa okugudileyo kwisixhobo sokumisa esiphambili somoya kuqala, kulandele i-downwind gear.
Ukulungiswa kweCrosswind: Njengoko inqwelo-moya izinza kumgaqo weenqwelo-moya, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya unokufuneka afake izixhobo zolungiso lomoya onqumlayo ukuze athintele inqwelo-moya ekujikeni (ijike emoyeni) okanye isuke kumgca osembindini.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Braking eyahlukileyo: Emva kokucofa, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokusebenzisa i-differential braking (besebenzisa amandla okuqhobosha ngakumbi kwigiya yokumisa i-uwind) ukugcina ulawulo oluya ngakulo nokuthintela inqwelo-moya ekubeni ibhubhe emoyeni.
Ukusetyenziswa kweReverse Thrust kunye neBraking
I-Reverse Thrust: Emva kokucofa, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokusebenzisa ukutyhala ngasemva (ukuba kukho) ukunceda ekuthobeni inqwelo-moya ngelixa begcina ulawulo oluya ngakulo. I-Reverse thrust inokunceda ukuchasana nefuthe le-crosswind kwaye ithintele ukuguquguquka kwemozulu.
Ubuchwephesha bokuBraking: Ubuchwephesha obufanelekileyo bokuqhobosha bubalulekile ngexesha lokumisa i-crosswind. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokusebenzisa indibaniselwano yesiqhelo sokuqhobosha kunye ne-differal braking (ukusebenzisa amandla okuqhobosha ngakumbi kwigiya yokumisa i-uwind) ukugcina ulawulo oluya ngakulo nokuthintela inqwelo-moya ekukhukulisekeni isuka kumgaqo weenqwelo-moya.
Ukubeka iliso kuLungelelwaniso lweNdlela yoMbaleko: Kulo lonke ixesha lokumisa, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya kufuneka aqhubeke ebeka esweni ulungelelwaniso lwenqwelo-moya nomgca osembindini womgaqo weenqwelo-moya aze enze izilungiso eziyimfuneko ukugcina umkhondo ofanelekileyo.
Indlela Ezinzisiweyo kunye nokuLungela ukuHamba-jikelele
Iikhrayitheriya zeNdlela ezizisiweyo: Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babambelele kwiikhrayitheriya zokuzinza, ezibandakanya ukugcina isantya somoya esichanekileyo, isantya sokuhla, kunye nokwakheka ngaphakathi kwemida echaziweyo kuyo yonke indlela yokugqibela.
Ukulungela Ukujikeleza: Ukuba indlela yokusebenzela ayizinziswanga okanye iimeko zokuwela umoya zigqithise kubuchule benqwelo-moya okanye bomqhubi wenqwelo-moya, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya kufuneka azilungiselele ukuqalisa ukujikeleza (indlela ephosiweyo) kwaye aphumeze iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuyijonga.
Indima yoYilo lweenqwelomoya
Abavelisi beenqwelo-moya badibanisa iimpawu zoyilo ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula amandla eenqwelo-moya zabo ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokuma kwindawo enqumlayo ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo. Ukucwangciswa kwephiko, nokuba iphiko eliphezulu okanye iphiko eliphantsi, lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunqumeni iimpawu zayo. Uyilo lwamaphiko aphakamileyo lubonelela ngokubonakala ngcono ngexesha lokuvutha kunye nokucofa, ngelixa uyilo lwamaphiko aphantsi lunokubonelela ngokuphucuka kozinzo olusecaleni ngenxa yeziko labo elisezantsi lomxhuzulane.
Ijometri yegiya yokumisa yenye into ebalulekileyo enefuthe ekusebenzeni kwayo. Inqwelomoya enobubanzi bomkhondo wegiya ebanzi kunye nezixhobo zegiya ezinde zibonisa uzinzo oluphuculweyo lwasecaleni kunye nomngcipheko ocuthiweyo wokuwa kwegiya ngexesha lokumisa okunqumlayo. Ukongezelela, iindawo zokulawula ezisebenzayo, ezifana ne-ailerons ezinamandla kunye neziphendulayo, ii-rudders, kunye nabaphangi, zenza ukuba izinto ezichanekileyo zokulawula zichaneke kumandla asecaleni abangelwa yi-crosswinds.
Indalo zomoya iimpawu zozinzo, njengesiphumo se-dihedral kunye namaphiko atshayelweyo, zikwanegalelo kubuchule bokuphatha obunqamlezayo. Ezi mpawu zoyilo zibonelela ngozinzo lwendalo kwaye zinciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi kumqhubi wenqwelomoya ngeli xesha lokufika. Ekugqibeleni, abavelisi beenqwelo-moya bazama ukubandakanya izinto zoyilo eziphucula ukusebenza kwe-crosswind, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwiimeko zomoya ezinzima.
UQeqesho lokuLinga nokuLungiselela
Uqeqesho olufanelekileyo lusisiseko sabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuphuhlisa izakhono kunye nokuzithemba okuyimfuneko ekuphumezeni ngempumelelo ukuwela i-crosswind landings. Uhambo luqala ngomyalelo osemhlabeni, apho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bafumana ulwazi lwethiyori kunye nokuqonda imigaqo yayo, i-aerodynamics, kunye nobuchule. Izilingisi zenqwelomoya idlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo, ibonelela ngemeko-bume ekhuselekileyo nelawulwayo kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba baziqhelanise nezi meko phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zomoya kunye nolungelelwaniso lweenqwelomoya.
Noko ke, uqeqesho olusebenzisekayo lokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya phantsi kolwalathiso lwabahlohli abanamava kulapho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baphucula ngokwenene ubuchule babo. La mava asebenza ngezandla avumela ukuba basebenzise ulwazi olufunyenwe kumyalelo womhlaba kunye noqeqesho lwe-simulator kwiimeko zangempela zehlabathi, ukucokisa ubuchule babo kunye nokwakha imemori yemisipha ebalulekileyo ekuphumezeni amagalelo olawulo oluchanekileyo ngexesha lokufika kwe-crosswind.
Uqeqesho oluqhubekayo kunye nokulungiselela ngundoqo ekugcineni ubuchule kubuchule bayo. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bafumana uqeqesho lwamaxesha ngamaxesha ukuze bahlale benolwazi ngazo naziphi na iinguqu zenkqubo okanye zolawulo kunye nokuqinisa izakhono zabo. Ukongezelela, ukuzilungiselela ngaphambi kwenqwelo-moya nganye, njengokuphonononga iinkqubo zokumisa kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya, ukufunda imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya neepateni zomoya, nokuzilungiselela ngokwasengqondweni iimeko ezinokubakho zokuwela umoya, kunokuphucula ngakumbi ukulungela nokuzithemba komqhubi wenqwelo-moya xa ejamelene neemeko ezinzima zokuwela umoya.
Imizekelo yoBomi bokwenyani yeCrosswind Landings
Ukuhla kwe-Crosswind yinto eqhelekileyo kwihlabathi lezophapho, kwaye abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abaninzi baye babonakalisa ubuchule obumangalisayo bokuqhuba olu hambo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Omnye umzekelo ophawulekayo yi-Airbus A380 kwi-Airport yase-Düsseldorf kwi-2018. Umqhubi wezakhono uphumelele ngempumelelo enye yeenqwelomoya ezinkulu zabahambi, ebonisa amandla eenqwelo-moya zanamhlanje kunye nokuqeqeshwa komqhubi.
Enye ividiyo yentsholongwane ka-2017 yabamba i-Boeing 737 ifika kwindawo enqumlayo kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseBirmingham. Isakhono esibalaseleyo somqhubi wenqwelo-moya ekugcineni ulawulo ngexesha lenkqubo ecela umngeni sizuze ukunconywa ngokubanzi kwaye kwaqaqambisa ukubaluleka kobuchule bayo.
Izikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezikwiindawo ezisezintabeni, ezifana neSikhululo seenqwelomoya saseParo eBhutan naseLukla Airport eNepal, zaziwa ngocelomngeni lwazo lweemeko zokuwela umoya ngenxa yendawo ejikelezileyo kunye neepateni zomoya. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abasebenza kwezi ndawo kufuneka babe nezakhono ezikhethekileyo zokujonga iipateni zomoya ezintsonkothileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo.
Itekhnoloji kunye neZixhobo zoNceda abaqhubi beenqwelomoya
Ngelixa isakhono sokulinga kunye nobuchule buhlala bubalulekile, ukuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji kubonelele ngezixhobo ezongezelelekileyo kunye noncedo ekuncedeni ekufikeni kwe-crosswind. Iinqwelo-moya ezininzi zale mihla zixhotyiswe ngezinto eziluncedo, ezifana nenkqubo yokuwela imimoya enqumlayo okanye imiboniso yentloko, enika ulwazi lwexesha lokwenyani kunye nezikhokelo zokunceda abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ngexesha lokuwela imimoya nokumisa. Ubuchwephesha beeNkqubo zoMbono ophuculweyo (i-EVS), njengeekhamera ze-infrared okanye iisistim zokwenziwa kombono, zinokuphucula ulwazi lwemeko kunye nokubonakala ngexesha lokubonakala okuncinci okanye ukusebenza ebusuku. Ukongeza, iinkqubo eziphambili ze-Autoland zinokwenza ngokuzenzekelayo oku kwehla ngaphakathi kwemida ebekiweyo, ukunciphisa umthwalo kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya ngexesha leemeko ezinzima.
Ukubona ukuchetywa komoya kunye neenkqubo zokulumkisa zingabhaqa kwaye zilumkise abaqhubi kubukho bokuchetywa komoya okanye utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwicala lomoya kunye nesantya, ukuvumela iintshukumo zolungiso ngexesha ngexesha leendlela zokuwela umoya. Izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya zisenokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokubeka iliso kwimeko yeenqwelo-moya ukuze zibonelele ngedatha yexesha lokwenyani malunga neemeko zomphezulu wendlela yeenqwelo-moya, kubandakanywa amacandelo anqamlezayo, anokunceda abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nokulungiselela ukuhlala.
Imilinganiselo yoKhuseleko kunye neeProtocol
Ukhuseleko lubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lomsebenzi wokumisa i-crosswind. Iinkampani zeenqwelomoya, iziphathamandla zeenqwelo moya, kunye nezikhululo zeenqwelo moya ziphumeza imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nemigaqo yokuqinisekisa awona manqanaba aphezulu okhuseleko. Abavelisi beenqwelo-moya kunye namaqumrhu olawulo aseka imida ethile yokuwela umoya ngokusekwe kuhlobo lwenqwelomoya, ubumbeko, kunye neemeko zendlela yeenqwelo-moya. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babambelele kule mida kwaye benze izigqibo ezizizo malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kokuwela i-crosswind. Ukuba iimeko zingaphaya kwemida ebekiweyo okanye umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ekubona kungakhuselekanga ukumisa kwi-crosswind, iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokujikeleza ziyalandelwa ukunqanda ukumisa nokuqalisa indlela ephosiweyo.
Xa kunokwenzeka, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya basenokukhetha ukumisa kumgaqo weenqwelo-moya onciphisa icandelo lokunqumla umoya, banciphise imingeni eyayanyaniswa noku kumisa. Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nolungelelwaniso phakathi kwabaqhubi beenqwelomoya, abalawuli bezithuthi zomoya, kunye nabasebenzi abasemhlabeni bayimfuneko kwimisebenzi ekhuselekileyo yokuwela i-crosswind ngokusebenzisa iindlela zoLawulo lweziBonelelo zabasebenzi (CRM). Emva kocelomngeni lwemeko, inqwelo-moya inokuhlolwa ngocoselelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho monakalo wenzekileyo kwaye ibone naziphi na iimfuneko zololongo olunokubakho.
isiphelo
Ukuma kwe-Crosswind kubonisa incopho yesakhono somqhubi wenqwelomoya kunye nolwazi lokuhamba emoyeni. Ukukwazi ukuyenza ngempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu kwemigaqo ye-aerodynamic, amagalelo olawulo oluchanekileyo, ulwazi lwemeko, kunye noqeqesho olubanzi.
Ngelixa inika imiceli mngeni, iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kweenqwelomoya, kwaye abaqhubi beenqwelomoya kufuneka bazilungiselele ukusingatha ezi meko ngokuzithemba nangobuchule. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo, iimpawu zoyilo lwenqwelomoya, kunye nokusetyenziswa koncedo lwetekhnoloji, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya banokuhamba ngokukhuselekileyo kwiimeko zokuwela umoya kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufika ngokukhuselekileyo kwenqwelomoya kunye nabakhweli.
Kubaqhubi abanqwenela ukuba ngabaqhubi beenqwelomoya okanye abo bafuna ukuphucula izakhono zabo, kufuneka bacinge ngokubhalisa Florida Flyers Flight Academy's iinkqubo zoqeqesho olulodwa okanye ukufuna isikhokelo kubahlohli bethu abanamava. Ukuphumelela koku kumisa akubonisi nje ubuchule obukhethekileyo bokulinga kodwa kukwanegalelo kukhuseleko lulonke kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kweenqwelomoya. Tyala imali kwizakhono zakho kwaye uthathe ubuchule bakho bokubhabha uye kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ngoqeqesho lwethu olubanzi.
Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neKhosi yeSikolo saBucala esiLingayo.
