Iiprojekthi ezinkulu zeenqwelomoya ziya kufuna ngaphezulu kwe-600,000 yabaqhubi abatsha kwihlabathi liphela kumashumi amabini eminyaka ezayo. Olu tyando ludala ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuba abaqhubi beenqwelo moya baguqule amaphupha abo okubhabha abe ngumsebenzi onemivuzo.
Icandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhambo lwakho lokuba ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya. I-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) yenza ezi mfuno ukucacisa uqeqesho, amava, kunye nezakhono ozifunayo kwilayisensi yakho yokulinga yorhwebo. Ukuziqonda ngokucacileyo ezi mfuno kuya kunceda ukukhokela uqeqesho lwakho ngeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo.
Esi sikhokelo sineenkcukacha sichaza yonke into malunga neCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo. Uya kufumana amanyathelo athile malunga namaxwebhu, amanyathelo abalulekileyo oqeqesho olusebenzayo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho. Isikhokelo sibanceda bobabini abafikayo kwinqwelomoya kunye nabanini bamaphepha-mvume okuqhuba abucala abafuna ukufumana isatifikethi sakho sokulinga urhwebo.
Icandelo 61 IiMfuno zoRhwebo: Umxholo wezeMbali
Ukunyuka kweCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo kubuyela emva kuMthetho woRhwebo loMoya we-1926. Lo mthetho wazisa ummiselo wokuqala osesikweni wesiqinisekiso sokulinga e-United States. Uya kuziqonda ngcono ezi mfuno xa ubona indlela ezilumise ngayo uhambo lweenqwelomoya lwale mihla.
Ukunyuka kwemithetho yokulinga yorhwebo
Iimfuno zoqobo zeNxalenye yama-61 zorhwebo zenzeke xa i-United States yaqalisa ukukhupha iimpepha-mvume zokuqhuba ngeSebe lezoRhwebo. Le migaqo yokuqala idale izikhokelo ezilula kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya. Benza umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwezothutho kunye nokuhlelwa kwamashishini. Iimfuno zahamba ngotshintsho olukhulu emva kokuba uGunyaziwe woBugcisa boBume bezokuPhatha (CAA) waba ngo-1938 ubudala. I-CAA yeza neenkqubo zovavanyo ezibekwe kakuhle.
| Era | Utshintsho olungundoqo kwiCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo |
|---|---|
| 1926-1938 | Ilayisenisi elula kunye nesakhiwo sesiqinisekiso |
| 1938-1958 | Ukuphuculwa kwemimiselo yokhuseleko kunye nemigangatho yoqeqesho |
| 1958-Okwangoku | Iimfuno zala maxesha kunye nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe |
Isiphumo sotshintsho lweshishini
Uphuhliso lweshishini luyilungise kakhulu indlela yakho yokuba ngumqhubi wezorhwebo. I-FAA ihlaziywe iCandelo le-61 yeemfuno zorhwebo ngo-2018 ukuze ihambelane neemfuno zeenqwelomoya zanamhlanje. Olu hlaziyo lwenze isatifikethi sorhwebo sifanelekile kwaye sifumaneke. Utshintsho luchaphazele ngakumbi iimfuno zenqwelomoya.
Uhlengahlengiso oluphambili kwiCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo lubandakanya:
-Uqeqesho kwinqwelomoya ekwinqanaba eliphezulu lobuchwephesha (TAA) ibe lukhetho endaweni yenqwelomoya endala enokurhoxiswa
-Iimfuno zexesha lendiza entsha zaqala ukusebenza: iiyure ze-250 zizonke, kubandakanywa iiyure ze-100 ixesha le-PIC
-Iimfuno ezihlaziyiweyo zelizwe elinqamlezileyo kunye namalungiselelo ovavanyo asebenzayo abe semgangathweni
Uhlengahlengiso lwangoku
Icandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo ngoku zibonisa ukunyuka kwethekhinoloji yoshishino. I-FAA yenze utshintsho olukhulu ngo-2018 ukuze iphucule iimfuno zoqeqesho. Olu hlaziyo lusindise uluntu lwezophapho ngokubanzi kuqikelelwa ngaphezulu kwe-110 yezigidi zeedola kwiminyaka emihlanu.
Uhlengahlengiso lwamva nje lweCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo lugxile koku:
*Ii-avionics zanamhlanje kunye nokudityaniswa kwetekhnoloji yokulinganisa inqwelomoya
*Ukubhetyebhetye ngakumbi ekusebenziseni isixhobo soqeqesho
*Iimfuno ezihlaziyiweyo zokufaneleka kwenqwelomoya ephucukileyo
Amava akho okulinga urhwebo ngoku azuza kwezi mfuno zorhwebo ziphuculwe iCandelo 61. Babandakanya itekhnoloji yedijithali ngelixa begcina imigangatho yokhuseleko engqongqo. I-FAA iyaqhubeka nokulungelelanisa ezi mfuno. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba zihlala zifanelekile kwiimfuno zanamhlanje zokubhabha ngelixa zigcina iziseko zezatifikethi zolingo.
Amaxwebhu aBalulekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kweeRekhodi
Amaxwebhu afanelekileyo abubomi-gazi lokuhlangabezana neemfuno zakho zeCandelo lama-61 zorhwebo. Amava akho ukuze ube ngumqhubi wenqwelo-moya kufuneka ugcinwe ngononophelo. Ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha kugcino lwamaphepha ibalulekile.
Amaphepha afunekayo kunye neeFom zeCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
IFomu ye-FAA 8710-1 iqala amaxwebhu akho aphambili kwiSigaba 61 senkqubo yesicelo sorhwebo. Le fomu ifuna ulwazi oluthile oluquka:
| Iinkcukucha ezifunekayo | Injongo |
|---|---|
| Iinkcukacha zakho | Isazisi kunye nolwazi loqhagamshelwano |
| Imbali yesatifikethi | Amanqaku angaphambili kunye nezatifikethi |
| Amava ngeFlight | Iiyure zenqwelomoya ezibhaliweyo kunye noqeqesho |
| Isiqinisekiso sezoNyango | Ubume bezonyango ngoku |
Iimfuno zokuLondolozwa kweLogbook
Incwadi yakho yokungena isebenza njengerekhodi esemthethweni yamava akho okuhamba ngenqwelomoya phantsi kweCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo. Inqwelomoya nganye mayibhale izinto ezithile:
| Ungeniso olufunekayo | Iinkcukacha ukuba zibandakanywe |
|---|---|
| umhla | Umhla ochanekileyo wokubhabha |
| Ubude beFlight | Ixesha lokubhabha lilonke |
| Ulwazi Lweenqwelomoya | Uhlobo kunye nokuchonga |
| Indawo | Amanqaku okuhamba kunye nokufika |
| Iinkcukacha zoMyaleli | Igama kunye nenombolo yesatifikethi |
Icandelo 61 Iimfuno zorhwebo zithi kufuneka ugcine ezi rekhodi iminyaka emi-5 ubuncinci. Iseshoni yoqeqesho nganye idinga ukuqinisekiswa komqeqeshi kunye nesiginitsha, inombolo yesatifikethi, kunye nomhla wokuphelelwa.
Digital Tracking Systems
Izisombululo zokugcinwa kweerekhodi zedijithali ngoku zamkelekile phantsi kweemfuno zentengiso yeCandelo 61. I-FAA's Pilot Records Database (PRD) iye yaba yimfuneko kumaxwebhu okulinga urhwebo. Le nkqubo:
* Ibonelela ngokufikelela kwiirekhodi zakho zomoya
*Ugcino lwesatifikethi kunye nolwazi lokukala
*Ugcina iinkcukacha zesiqinisekiso sonyango
*Ubhala phantsi iinzame zovavanyo olusebenzayo
Izisombululo zeDigital logbook zibonelela ngezi nzuzo zeCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo:
- Ubalo lwexesha lokubhabha oluzenzekelayo
- Cloud backup amandla
- Ukwenziwa kwengxelo ngokwesiko
- Iimpawu zokulandelela imali
Inkqubo ye-PRD ikuvumela ukuba unike abo banokuba ngabaqeshi ukufikelela kwiirekhodi zakho. Oku kulungelelanisa inkqubo yokuqesha ngelixa idibana neCandelo 61 lokuthotyelwa kwezorhwebo. Iirekhodi zakho zedijithali kufuneka ziqulathe ulwazi oluneenkcukacha ezifanayo njengeencwadi zeelogi zemveli ukuhambelana neemfuno zamaxwebhu.
Qaphela ukuba kufuneka ubonise iirekhodi zakho ukuba i-FAA, NTSB, okanye amagosa ogcino-mthetho acela ukuwahlola. Amaxwebhu achanekileyo napheleleyo abalulekile ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zorhwebo zeCandelo lama-61 kwaye uqhubele phambili nomsebenzi wakho wokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, nokuba yeyiphi na indlela oyikhethileyo yokugcina irekhodi.
IiMfuno zeenqwelomoya kunye neMida
Icandelo 61 Iimfuno zorhwebo zifuna imigangatho ethile yenqwelomoya kunye nezixhobo. Ukhetho lwakho lwenqwelomoya yoqeqesho luya kuchaphazela kakhulu amava akho okulinga urhwebo.
Iindidi zeenqwelomoya ezivunyiweyo phantsi kweCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Icandelo 61 Iimfuno zorhwebo zichaza iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenqwelomoya kunye namanqaku. Nantsi into omawuyazi:
| ICandelo leenqwelomoya | IiMfuno zokuHlola | Amanqaku angaphezulu |
|---|---|---|
| Injini enye | Ifunelwa isiqinisekiso esilula | Iinqwelomoya zoqeqesho lokuqala |
| Iinjini ezininzi | Ukalo olongezelelweyo ngokuzikhethela | Amathuba amakhondo angcono |
| Iinqwelomoya eziyinkimbinkimbi | Iiyure ezili-10 ezifunekayo | Inokutshintshwa nge-TAA |
| Iimfuno ze-TAA | Iyahambelana nemigangatho yanamhlanje | Enye indlela kwiinqwelomoya ezintsonkothileyo |
IiNkcazelo zeZixhobo zeCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Uqeqesho lwenqwelomoya kufuneka lufezekise iimfuno ezithile zobugcisa phantsi kweCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo. Inqwelomoya ekwiNdwendwe yoBugcisa (TAA) ine:
-Umboniso wenqwelomoya ophambili we-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo ezintandathu eziphambili
-I-electronic multifunction display with GPS-based based mephu
-I-axis-autopilot emibini enesihloko kunye neendlela zokuhamba
Icandelo 61 Iimfuno zorhwebo ziseta imigangatho yezixhobo ezithile esekwe kwimisebenzi ekujoliswe kuyo:
| Uhlobo lwezixhobo | Inqanaba elifunekayo | Injongo |
|---|---|---|
| Umboniso weFlight wokuqala | Isinyanzelo kwi-TAA | Ulwazi ngenqwelomoya |
| Ukuhamba kweGPS | Ifunelwa i-TAA | Ukulandelela indawo |
| INkqubo yokuZihambela | Ifunelwa i-TAA | Ulawulo lwenqwelomoya |
Iingqwalasela zoLondolozo Phantsi kweCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Icandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo zinemigaqo engqongqo yokugcina. I-FAA ifuna:
- Uhlolo lwarhoqo:
- Uhlolo lonyaka
- Ukuhlolwa kweeyure ezili-100 kwiinqwelomoya zokuqeqesha
- Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokufaneleka emoyeni
- IiMfuno zoXwebhu:
- Amangeno eencwadi zogcino
- Iirekhodi zovavanyo lwezixhobo
- Izatifikethi zokuhlolwa
Icandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo zithi ulondolozo kufuneka lwenziwe:
-FAA-eqinisekisiweyo oomatshini
-Izikhululo zokulungisa ezigunyazisiweyo
-Abasebenzi bolondolozo abafanelekileyo
Icandelo 61 Iimfuno zorhwebo zifuna amaxwebhu afanelekileyo ayo yonke imisebenzi yogcino, kubandakanya:
-Inkcazo yomsebenzi owenziweyo
-Umhla wokugqitywa
-Isiginitsha yeGcisa kunye nenombolo yesatifikethi
Gcina ukhumbula ukuba iCandelo lama-61 iimfuno zorhwebo zigxininisa ukufaneleka kwenqwelomoya. Kufuneka uqinisekise ubume bangoku bolondolozo phambi kwenqwelomoya nganye kwaye uthobele zonke iinkcukacha zesixhobo.
Amanqaku abalulekileyo oQeqesho
Icandelo 61 Iimfuno zorhwebo zibonelela ngamanyathelo abalulekileyo oqeqesho awakhela phezu kwezakhono zakho zokulinga. Ukuqonda okucacileyo kwezi mfuno kuya kukunceda ucwangcise indlela esebenzayo yokuba ngumqhubi worhwebo.
IiMfuno zeFlight yeSolo phantsi kweCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Ubuncinci obufunekayo bumi 250 zizonke iiyure ngenqwelomoya ngonikezelo oluthile lwexesha lokubhabha:
| Uluhlu lweFlight | Iiyure ezifunekayo |
|---|---|
| Ixesha lilonke leFlight | iiyure 250 |
| I-Pilot-in-Command | iiyure 100 |
| Nqumla iliawe | iiyure 50 |
| Uqeqesho noMqeqeshi | iiyure 20 |
Iimfuno zenqwelomoya ye-solo kufuneka zibandakanye inqwelomoya enqumla ilizwe ubuncinane iimayile ezingama-300 zizonke. Le nqwelomoya idinga ukuma kwiindawo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye inqaku elinye kufuneka libe ziikhilomitha ezingama-250 ubuncinci ukusuka kwindawo yakho yokuqala.
UQeqesho lweNqwelo-moya oluNxibeleleyo kwiCandelo lama-61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Imimiselo ibonelela ngokuguquguquka kwiinketho zoqeqesho lweenqwelomoya. I-FAA ngoku ivumela abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ukuba bagqibezele uqeqesho lwabo lwenqwelomoya oluntsonkothileyo nokuba:
-Inqwelomoya ezintsonkothileyo zemveli
-Inqwelomoya ekwinqanaba eliphezulu lobuchwephesha (TAA)
Iimfuno zoqeqesho lweenqwelomoya ezintsonkothileyo ziquka:
| ICandelo loQeqesho | Imfuneko |
|---|---|
| Ubuncinci beeyure | iiyure 10 |
| Uqeqesho oluphantsi | Iinkqubo kunye nokusebenza |
| Uqeqesho lohambo ngenqwelo moya | Ukuphatha kunye nokusebenza |
| Ukunyanzeliswa | Ungeno lwexesha elinye logbook |
IiMfuno zobuchule besixhobo
Icandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo gxininisa ubuchule besixhobo njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo. Ukalisho lwesixhobo alunyanzeliswa kwisatifikethi sorhwebo, kodwa luphucula amandla akho kakhulu. Iimfuno zoqeqesho lwesixhobo zine:
-Iiyure ezili-10 zoqeqesho lwesixhobo kusetyenziswa isixhobo sokujonga umda
-Uqeqesho kwisixhobo sokujonga izinto esibhabhayo
-Ukuziqhelanisa nokubuyisela isimo sengqondo sokubhabha esingaqhelekanga
-Amava kunye neenkqubo zokuhamba
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babonise ubuchule boku:
- Ukusebenza kweenkqubo zokukhangela
- Iinkqubo zokujonga izixhobo
- Imisebenzi engxamisekileyo phantsi kweemeko zesixhobo
Olu qeqesho lwesixhobo lulungiselela iimeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu kwaye lukwenza uthengiseke ngakumbi njengomqhubi wezorhwebo. Iinkampani zeenqwelo moya zicinga ukuba ubugcisa besixhobo bubalulekile, njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo zifuna iiyure ezingekho kufutshane neeyure ezingama-250 ezibekwe yimimiselo.
Icandelo 61 vs Iindlela ezizezinye zeSatifikethi
Ukufumana isatifikethi sakho sokulinga urhwebo kufuna ukuba uqonde umahluko ophambili phakathi kweemfuno zeCandelo 61 kunye nezinye iindlela ezikhoyo. Olu lwazi lukunceda wenze ukhetho olufanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwimvelaphi yakho kunye neenjongo zomsebenzi.
Ukuthelekisa kunye neCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo vs iCandelo 141 leeNkqubo
Indlela oyikhethayo phakathi kweemfuno zeCandelo 61 kunye neNkqubo ye-141 iya kubumba amava akho oqeqesho. Nalu uthelekiso olucacileyo:
| Inkalo yoQeqesho | Icandelo 61 IiMfuno zoRhwebo | Icandelo 141 Iinkqubo |
|---|---|---|
| Ubuncinci beeyure | Iiyure eziyi-250 zizonke | Iiyure eziyi-190 zizonke |
| Ulwakhiwo | Ikharityhulamu eguquguqukayo | FAA-evunyiweyo isilabhasi |
| Isantya soQeqesho | Ukuzihambela | Ishedyuli eyakhiwe |
| Ubume beNdleko | Hlawula njengoko uhamba | Iindleko zenkqubo ezisisigxina |
Iinketho zeNguqu yoMkhosi kwiCandelo 61 IiMfuno zoRhwebo
Amava ngenqwelomoya yasemkhosini anokuyikhawulezisa indlela yakho yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zeCandelo 61. Izibonelelo zabaqhubi beenqwelomoya ziquka:
| Inzuzo yasemkhosini | Iinkcukacha ezifunekayo |
|---|---|
| Iiyure zeFlight | Yehliswe ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-750 kwi-R-ATP |
| Imfuneko yobudala | R-ATP ngo-21 endaweni ye-23 |
| Uguqulo lwesatifikethi | Isiqinisekiso sorhwebo esithe ngqo sinokwenzeka |
Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya basemkhosini bafuna la maxwebhu phantsi kweSigaba 61:
-Iirekhodi ezisemthethweni ze-US Armed Forces ezibonisa isimo somqhubi
-Amaxwebhu esiqinisekiso sokulinga umkhosi
-Ubungqina bokuphumelela uvavanyo lobuchule emkhosini
Iingqwalasela zokuLingana kwamanye amazwe
Iinkcazi zolingelo zangaphandle zingabala kwiimfuno zeCandelo 61 ngokwamanyathelo athile. Nali ixesha lokuguqulwa:
| Imfuneko | Ixesha |
|---|---|
| Ukuqinisekiswa kwelayisensi | 45-90 iintsuku processing |
| Ixesha loQinisekiso | Iinyanga ezi-6 ukusuka ekuqinisekisweni |
| Isiqinisekiso sezoNyango | Kufuneka ugcine ubume bangoku |
Inkqubo yoguqulo esuka kwilayisensi yamazwe ngamazwe ifuna ukuba:
- Ngenisa isicelo sokuqinisekisa nge-IACRA
- Fumana uqinisekiso lwe-CAA lweziqinisekiso zangaphandle
- Gqibezela iimfuno ezongezelelweyo kumazwe athile
Icandelo 61 likunika ukuguquguquka ngelixa ugcina imigangatho ephezulu. Ungaqhubela phambili ngesantya sakho, ngokungafaniyo neCandelo le-141 leenkqubo ezilandela ikharityhulam engqongqo evunywe yi-FAA. Oku kwenza iCandelo lama-61 lilunge kakhulu ukuba ufuna ukulungelelanisa uqeqesho kunye nezinye izibophelelo.
Abaqhubi bamazwe ngamazwe bajongene nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ehleliweyo. Izivumelwano ze-FAA kunye namazwe ahlukeneyo zimisela ukuba amava akho angaphandle abaluleke kangakanani. Iiyure zakho zenqwelomoya zangaphambili zihlala zisemthethweni kwaye zinokunciphisa iimfuno zakho zoqeqesho olongezelelweyo.
Inkonzo yasemkhosini izisa iingenelo ezikhethekileyo. I-FAA iyabuvuma ubuchule bomkhosi ngokuncitshiswa kweemfuno zeyure kunye nesiqinisekiso esenziwe lula. Amava akho okubhabha komkhosi anokukhawulezisa indlela yakho yesatifikethi ngelixa udibana nemigangatho ephezulu elindelekileyo kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya.
IiProtocol zoKhuseleko kunye noLawulo loMngcipheko
Ulawulo lokhuseleko ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bafuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuvavanya nokunciphisa imingcipheko. I-FAA igxininisa ukuba ulawulo olululo lomngcipheko lunokunciphisa kakhulu iingozi zenqwelomoya. Idatha ibonisa ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-75% yeengozi ezibulalayo zokuqhutywa kwenqwelomoya yeshishini elinye zenzeka ngenxa yokuba abaqhubi beenqwelomoya bayasilela ukuvavanya imingcipheko eyaziwayo ngokufanelekileyo.
Iinkqubo ezifunekayo zoKhuseleko kwiCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Icandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo zigunyazisa iinkqubo ezithile zokhuseleko. I-FAA ibonelela ngesakhelo esineenkcukacha:
| ICandelo loKhuseleko | Izinto ezifunekayo |
|---|---|
| Uvavanyo lwangaphambili lwenqwelomoya | Imeko yeenqwelomoya, uvavanyo lwemozulu |
| amaxwebhu | Iifom zovavanyo lomngcipheko, izintlu zokhuseleko |
| UQinisekiso lweZixhobo | Iitshekhi zezixhobo ezingxamisekileyo, iimvavanyo zesistim |
| IiProtokholi zoNxibelelwano | Iinkqubo ze-ATC, oonxibelelwano olungxamisekileyo |
UQeqesho lokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo Phantsi kweCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Amandla okuphendula okungxamisekileyo amisela impumelelo yakho ekufezekiseni ezi mfuno. Uqeqesho kufuneka lubandakanye:
*Izinto zokuSebenza ngokukhawuleza: Ukusilela kwe-injini, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo
*Iinkqubo zoNxibelelwano: Izibhengezo ezingxamisekileyo, ulungelelwaniso lwe-ATC
*Iindlela zoBuyiselo: Izimo zengqondo ezingaqhelekanga, ukusilela kwenkqubo
*Izixhobo eziNgxamisekileyo: Iinkqubo zokusetyenziswa kunye nokuthunyelwa
Iindlela zoVavanyo loMngcipheko kwiCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Iimfuno zichaza izixhobo zovavanyo lomngcipheko. I-FAA icebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe iindlela ezininzi zovavanyo:
| Isixhobo soVavanyo | Ugqaliselo Olungundoqo | isicelo |
|---|---|---|
| Uluhlu lokukhangela lwe-PAVE | Umqhubi wenqwelomoya, iiNqwelo-moya, okusiNgqongileyo, iiNxinzelelo zaNgaphandle | Ukucwangciswa kwangaphambili kwendiza |
| TEAM Indlela | Ukutshintshela, Ncima, Yamkela, Nciphisa | Ulawulo lomngcipheko olusebenzayo |
| Uvavanyo loMngcipheko weFlight | Uvavanyo lomngcipheko lwamanani | Izigqibo zokuhamba/zokungahambi |
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babonise ubuchule ekuchongeni nasekunciphiseni umngcipheko. Inkqubo yolawulo lokhuseleko ye-FAA ingqina ukuba iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni zinceda ekunciphiseni amazinga eengozi.
Ukubeka iliso kumngcipheko oqhubekayo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yenqwelomoya kuhlala kubalulekile. Oku kubandakanya:
- UVavanyo loMngcipheko wangaphambi kwenqwelomoya
- Uvavanyo lwemozulu
- Iinkqubo zeenqwelomoya zijonga
- Uvavanyo lomntu siqu
- Ulawulo loMngcipheko kwinqwelomoya
- Ukubekwa esweni kwemozulu rhoqo
- Ukulandelela ukusebenza kwenkqubo
- Ulawulo lokudinwa
Incwadi ye-FAA yolawulo lomngcipheko igxininisa ukuphuhlisa izakhono zovavanyo olufanelekileyo. Ezi zakhono zinceda ukuvavanya indawo ezingqongileyo kunye nokulawula imingcipheko ngokufanelekileyo. Le ndlela icwangcisiweyo ilungiselela abaqhubi beemeko ezahlukeneyo ngelixa begcina ukuthotyelwa.
Qaphela ukuba amaxwebhu eenkqubo zovavanyo lomngcipheko ahlala enyanzelekile. I-FAA idinga abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba bagcine iirekhodi zovavanyo lomngcipheko kunye nezicwangciso zokunciphisa. Le ndlela ineenkcukacha iqinisekisa ulawulo lokhuseleko kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakho wokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
Ukudityaniswa kweThekhinoloji kuQeqesho
Itekhnoloji iyitshintshile indlela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abahlangabezana ngayo neemfuno zorhwebo zeCandelo lama-61. Iiprojekthi ze-FAA zilinga ukonga ukuya kuthi ga kwi-113.50 yezigidi zeedola kwiminyaka emihlanu ngokusetyenziswa okwandisiweyo kwezixhobo zoqeqesho. Impumelelo yakho ngoku ixhomekeke ekubeni ube nesakhono kubuchwepheshe bale mihla bokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
Ubuchule boBugcisa obufunekayo kwiCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Icandelo 61 Iimfuno zorhwebo zifuna ubuchule obuthile bobugcisa kwiNqwelo-moya ePhakamileyo yobuGcisa (TAA). I-FAA ichaza la macandelo abalulekileyo kwisiqinisekiso se-TAA:
| ilungu | Iimpawu ezifunekayo | Injongo |
|---|---|---|
| Umboniso weFlight wokuqala | Izixhobo ezintandathu eziphambili | Umboniso wolwazi ngenqwelomoya |
| Ukuboniswa kwemisebenzi emininzi | Imephu eshukumayo esekwe kwiGPS | Ukuhamba kunye nokubeka indawo |
| INkqubo yokuZihambela | Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-axis ezimbini | Ukuhamba kunye nesikhokhelo sesihloko |
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babonise ubuchule boku:
-Utoliko lwesixhobo sokubhabha ngenqwelomoya
-Ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuhamba ngeGPS
-Ulawulo oludityanisiweyo lwe-autopilot
Iinketho zoQeqesho lokulinganisa phantsi kweCandelo 61 leeMfuno zoRhwebo
Izixhobo ezivunyiweyo zinokukunika uninzi lwexesha elifunekayo loqeqesho. I-FAA iyaziqonda ezi ndidi zezixhobo zoqeqesho:
| Uhlobo lwedivayisi | Ubuninzi beeyure zetyala | iimfuno |
|---|---|---|
| I-ATD ephucukileyo | Ukufikelela kwiiyure ze-50 | Ileta yeFAA yoGunyaziso |
| I-ATD esisiseko | Iiyure ezinqunyelwe | Uqeqesho lwesixhobo esisisiseko |
| Flight Simulator | Ichazwe ngesixhobo | Icandelo 142 imvume yeziko |
Uqeqesho lokulinganisa lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi:
- Ukunciphisa iindleko kuqeqesho
- Indawo ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza kwenkqubo
- Amathuba oqeqesho asekelwe kwimeko-bume
Ukuqhelaniswa kweAvionics yanamhlanje
Iinkqubo ze-avionics zanamhlanje zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiimfuno zoqeqesho. I-FAA ichaza ezi mfuno zokubonisa:
Isiboniso seNqwelomoya esisiseko (PFD):
-Isalathisi sesantya somoya
-Jika umnxibelelanisi
-Isalathisi sombono
-Isalathisi sesihloko
-Altimeter
-Isalathisi sesantya esithe nkqo
Indibaniselwano yeTekhnoloji ibonelela ngamathuba angcono okufunda. Imimiselo yangoku ivumela amava esixhobo sokugawulwa kwemithi kwii-ATD ezivunyiweyo ngamaxesha eenyanga ezintandathu, njengakwizilinganisi zokubhabha ezipheleleyo.
Uqeqesho kufuneka lubandakanye ukuqhelana:
| Inkqubo yeAvionics | Ulwazi Olufunekayo | isicelo |
|---|---|---|
| I-Cockpit yeglasi | Bonisa utoliko | Ulwazi oluphambili ngenqwelomoya |
| Iinkqubo zokukhangela | Ukusebenza kweGPS | Ukucwangcisa iindlela kunye nokulandela umkhondo |
| I-Autopilot Integration | Ulawulo lwendlela | Uncedo lolawulo lwendiza |
I-FAA ineemfuno ezihlaziyiweyo ukulungiselela ukuqhubela phambili kwethekhinoloji yexesha elizayo. Le ndlela iya kunika amava oqeqesho olufanelekileyo njengoko iteknoloji yezomoya iqhubela phambili. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokulinganisa kufuna uxwebhu oluneenkcukacha:
-Ukuchongwa kwesixhobo
-Imisebenzi igqityiwe
-Ixesha elifakiweyo
-Ukuqinisekiswa komyaleli
Iimfuno zobuchule banamhlanje be-avionics ziquka:
- Ukutolika iziboniso zenqwelomoya zombane
- Ukulawula iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo
- Ukuphatha ukusilela kwenkqubo
- Ukwalathisa ngezixhobo zale mihla
I-FAA igxininisa ukuba nangona uqeqesho olusekelwe kubuchwepheshe lubalulekile, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka bagcine izakhono zabo zokubhabha. Uqeqesho kufuneka lulinganise phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ezenzekelayo kunye nezakhono zokulinga.
Ukuthotyelwa koLawulo kunye noHlaziyo
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka banikele ingqalelo rhoqo kuhlaziyo olulawulayo kunye nemfundo eqhubekayo ukuze bathobele iCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo. Ukuzinikela okuzinzile kwe-FAA kukhuseleko kunye nemigangatho yobungcali kwandisa uxanduva lwakho ngaphaya kwesiqinisekiso sakho sokuqala.
Ukuhlala ngoku kunye neCandelo 61 leeMfuno kunye neMigaqo yoRhwebo
Impumelelo yorhwebo ngenqwelo moya ixhomekeke ekuhlaleni uhlaziywa ngeCandelo 61 leemfuno zorhwebo. Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya banokugcina imali yesixhobo nge Izixhobo zoQeqesho lokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya (ATDs) ngamaxesha eenyanga ezintandathu. Ezi zixhobo ziyindlela entle yokufumana ukuguquguquka ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno.
| Uhlobo lwemali | Imfuneko | Ubuninzi |
|---|---|---|
| Amava Ngesixhobo | 6 iindlela, ukubamba iinkqubo | Rhoqo kwiinyanga ezi-6 |
| Uphononongo lweFlight | Umhlaba weyure e-1, iyure e-1 yokubhabha | Rhoqo kwiinyanga ezi-24 |
| Isiqinisekiso sezonyango | Iklasi 2 yonyango | Rhoqo kwiinyanga ezi-12 |
IiMfuno eziQhubekekayo zeMfundo
Icandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo zinamacandelo emfundo noqeqesho oluqhubekayo. Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abaziingcali kufuneka bagqibezele:
| Uhlobo loQeqesho | Izinto ezifunekayo | Ixesha |
|---|---|---|
| Uphononongo lweFlight | Umyalelo womhlaba kunye nenqwelomoya | iinyanga 24 |
| Ubuchule Besixhobo | Iindlela kunye nokukhangela | iinyanga 6 |
| IiSemina zoKhuseleko | Umxholo ovunyiweyo we-FAA | Ukhetho kodwa luyacetyiswa |
Umgaqo we-FAA ka-2018 utshintsha iimfuno zale mihla ngokuvumela:
*Ukusetyenziswa kweeNqwelomoya ezikwiNgcaciso yoBuchule (TAA) kuqeqesho
* Ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo zale mihla zokulinganisa
*Uhlaziyo lweenkqubo zemali yesixhobo
Iinkqubo zokuLondolozwa kwePhepha-mvume
Iinkqubo ezithile kufuneka zilandelwe ukugcina iphepha-mvume lakho phantsi kweCandelo lama-61 leemfuno zorhwebo. I-FAA ifuna:
- Iimfuneko zoXwebhu:
- Ungeniso oluneenkcukacha kwi-logbook
- Ukulandelela imali
- Ukuhlaziywa kwesiqinisekiso sonyango
- Iingcebiso zokuphononongwa kwendiza
- Imiboniso yoBuchule:
- Isixhobo sisondela
- Iinkqubo zokukhangela
- Imisebenzi engxamisekileyo
- Ulwazi lweenkqubo zeenqwelomoya
Amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kulo lonke uqeqesho kunye nemisebenzi yemali ibalulekile. I-FAA ixela ukuba iirekhodi kufuneka zibandakanye:
| Uhlobo lokurekhoda | Iinkcukucha ezifunekayo | Ixesha lokuGcina |
|---|---|---|
| Ixesha lokuhamba | Umhla, ubude bexesha, uhlobo lwenqwelomoya | Ubuncinci beminyaka eyi-5 |
| Iirekhodi zoQeqesho | Iinkcukacha zomqeqeshi, iziqinisekiso | Kuwo wonke umsebenzi |
| Iirekhodi zezoLo | Imihla yoviwo, iklasi | Isatifikethi sangoku |
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abalinganiswe kwisixhobo bahlangabezana neemfuno zamvanje kwi-ATD kufuneka bakuphumeze oku kuphela kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Oku kuhambelana nexesha elimisiweyo elivunyelweyo kwisixhobo sokubhabha kwinqwelomoya kwaye kuhlengahlengiswe ukugcinwa kwemali ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukhuseleko.
Ukuthobela iimfuno kuthetha ukuba kufuneka:
-Landela imihla yokuphelelwa kwesiqinisekiso
-Cwangcisa iitshekhi zobuchule rhoqo
-Ukubhala yonke imisebenzi yoqeqesho
-Gcina isatifikethi sonyango lwangoku
Iisistim zokulandela umkhondo wedijithali kunye nee-logbooks zombane ngoku ziqatshelwa phantsi kweemfuno zala maxesha. Ezi rekhodi zedijithali kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho ye-FAA:
-Ukuchaneka
-Ukugqibelela
-Ukufikeleleka
Ukhuseleko
Izixhobo ezivunyiweyo zoQeqesho loPhapho zinika uguquko ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zemali. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokwenza iindlela ezintandathu zokusebenza, iinkqubo zokubamba, kunye nokulandelela ikhosi kwi-ATD ukugcina imali yesixhobo.
Ukuhlala unolwazi malunga nale miba iphambili kubalulekile:
-Utshintsho lwendawo yomoya
-Iimfuno zezixhobo
-Iinkqubo zokhuseleko
-Uhlaziyo lolawulo
Qaphela ukuba ukufunda okuqhubekayo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nobuchwepheshe kunye neenkqubo ezintsha kubalulekile. Ukuphuculwa kweFAA kwezi mfuno kuya kunika isiseko esiluqilima ngelixa igcina imigangatho yokhuseleko ephezulu.
isiphelo
Inxalenye ye-61 yeemfuno zorhwebo zitshintshe kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zale mihla zophapho ngelixa ziphakamisa imigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko. Ezi mfuno ngoku zamkela inkqubela yezobuchwephesha ngokudityaniswa kwe-TAA, iinkqubo zokugcina iirekhodi zedijithali, kunye neendlela eziphuculweyo zoqeqesho lokulinganisa.
Kufuneka nje ugxile kwizinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ukuze ufumane isatifikethi sokulinga urhwebo:
| Icandelo eliphambili | Iimfuno ezibalulekileyo |
|---|---|
| amaxwebhu | Iilogbooks, endorsements, izatifikethi zonyango |
| Iiyure zeFlight | Iiyure ezingama-250 zizonke, kubandakanywa nokuhanjiswa okuthe ngqo |
| Ubuchule bezobugcisa | Ii-avionics zanamhlanje, ubuchule be-TAA |
| Imigaqo yoKhuseleko | Uvavanyo lomngcipheko, iinkqubo ezingxamisekileyo |
Icandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo zibonelela ngokuguquguquka ngelixa ugcina imigangatho ephezulu ngokusebenzisa:
*Iindlela ezininzi zokuqinisekisa
*Ukhetho lwangoku lwesixhobo soqeqesho
*Uhlaziyo lweenkqubo zokugcina imali
*Iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zamaxwebhu
Ishishini lokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya liya likhula, kwaye imfuneko yabaqhubi beenqwelomoya ifikelele kumanqanaba arekhodiweyo. Icandelo 61 Iimfuno zorhwebo zakha isiseko sakho somsebenzi ophumeleleyo wokuhamba ngenqwelomoya ngokudibanisa izakhono zokuqhuba iinqwelomoya kunye nobuchule betekhnoloji bale mihla.
Qaphela ukuba ukuhlangabezana neCandelo 61 iimfuno zorhwebo sisiqalo nje sohambo lwakho lobuchwephesha. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaphumeleleyo bazinikela ekufundeni okuqhubekayo. Bahlala bangoku kwaye baziqhelanisa neetekhnoloji ezintsha kunye neenkqubo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yabo.
Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokuhlawulela isikolo sokubhabha.
