Nhanganyaya yeZvikamu 91, 121, uye 135
Nyika yekufamba nendege inotongwa nehurongwa hwakaoma hwemitemo hunova nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kuchengetedzwa kwemapato ese anobatanidzwa. Pakati pegadziriro iyi muUnited States ndiwo Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), izvo zvinoumbwa neZvikamu 91, 121, uye 135. Zvikamu izvi ndidzo nheyo dzemitemo yemashandiro ese endege uye kuzvinzwisisa kwakakosha kune chero munhu ane chekuita nendege.
Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chinotonga chikamu chakasiyana chekubhururuka. Chikamu 91 chine chekuita nekubhururuka nendege, Chikamu 121 chinosanganisira vatakuri vemhepo vakarongwa, uye Chikamu 135 chinovhara pane-kudiwa uye mashandiro evafambi. Kunyangwe iwo angangoita seakafanana pakutanga pakuona, chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine yakasarudzika mirau uye zvinodiwa zvinoita kuti ive yakasiyana.
Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kwakakosha kune vatyairi vendege, vatyairi vendege, uye vanofarira zvendege zvakafanana. Ichi chinyorwa chichapa kutarisa kwakadzama pane chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi, kuratidza kusiyana kwavo kwakakosha uye zvinorehwa kune vatyairi nevafambisi.
Kunzwisisa Chikamu 91: General Aviation
Chikamu 91 cheFederal Aviation Regulations ndicho chikamu chinotonga general aviation. General aviation, mukunzwisisa kwayo kukuru, inosanganisa zviitiko zvese zvekubhururuka nendege zvisina kurongwa sezvekutengesa kana zvechiuto. Izvi zvinosanganisira zviitiko zvakaita sekubhururuka kwakavanzika, kudzidziswa kwendege, ndege dzebhizinesi, uye yekunakidzwa nendege.
Mitemo inotsanangurwa muchikamu ichi yakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwezviito izvi. Vanovhara nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kune zvinodiwa zvemidziyo yendege kusvika kumitemo yekubhururuka uye maitiro ekushanda. Semuyenzaniso, rinoti vatyairi vendege vanofanira kugara vakatarisa pasi panguva yekubhururuka, kunze kwekunge vawana mvumo mirairo yekubhururuka kwemidziyo (IFR) mashandiro.
Pasinei nehupamhi hwayo, inowanzoonekwa seyo inorambidza zvishoma pazvikamu zvitatu. Inobvumira kushanduka kukuru mukushanda, asi kushanduka uku kunouya nepamusoro-soro yemutoro wega wega kumutyairi wekuraira.
Kunzwisisa Chikamu 121: Yakarongwa Air Carriers
Chikamu 121 cheFAR chinotonga mashandiro evatakuri vemhepo vakarongwa. Idzi indege dzinoshanda nehurongwa hwenguva dzose, dzichipa ndege kune veruzhinji. Makuru endege seAmerican Airlines, Delta, uye United inowira pasi pechikamu ichi.
Mitemo iri pasi peChikamu ichi inoomesera zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo iri pasi peChikamu 91. Inovhara nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira kugadzirisa ndege, kudzidziswa kwevashandi, mafambisirwo endege, uye nzira dzekuchengetedza ndege. Iyi mitemo yakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chepamusoro chekuchengetedza kune vafambi nevashandi.
Chimwe chezvinotsanangudza zveChikamu 121 mashandiro ndicho chinodiwa kuti kambani yendege ibate Air Carrier Certificate. Chitupa ichi, chakaburitswa ne Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), inosimbisa kuti ndege yakasangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza uye inobvumirwa kuita mabasa.
Kunzwisisa Chikamu 135: Pa-kudiwa uye Kushanda Kwevafambi
Ichi Chikamu cheFAR chinotonga mashandiro evanoda uye vafambi vanoshanda. Vafambisi ava vanopa ndege dzisina kurongwa kana dzisingawanzo kurongerwa, kazhinji dzinopa vafambi vebhizinesi kana vanhu vari kutsvaga mabasa ekuchata.
Kufanana ne121, 135 mashandiro anoda Air Carrier Certificate. Nekudaro, iyo mirau iri pasi peChikamu 135 haina kuomesesa pane iyo iri pasi peChikamu 121. Inobata nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mitemo yekubhururuka, kuchengetedza ndege, uye zvidzidzo zvevashandi.
Kunyangwe iyo yakaderedzwa stringency, Chikamu 135 ichiri kuchengetedza yakakwira mwero wekuchengetedza kuchengetedza. Iyo FAA inotarisisa mashandiro aya kuti ive nechokwadi chekutevedzwa kwemirau uye kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwevafambi nevashandi.
Misiyano yakakosha pakati
Nepo Zvikamu zvitatu zvese zvinotonga zvakasiyana zvendege, chimwe nechimwe chine mirau yavo yakasarudzika uye zvazvinoreva. Imwe yemisiyano yakakosha iri padanho rekutonga kwekutarisa. Chikamu 91, chinodzora kubhururuka kwendege, ndicho chinodzora zvishoma, chinobvumira kuchinjika kukuru asi zvakare kuisa mwero wepamusoro wemutoro wega pamutyairi.
Kune rimwe divi, Zvikamu 121 uye 135, izvo zvinotonga zvakarongwa vatakuri vemhepo uye pane-kudiwa / commuter mashandiro zvichiteerana, zvinoda Air Carrier Certificate uye zviri pasi pemitemo yakaoma. Nekudaro, Chikamu 135 hachina kuganhurira pane Chikamu 121, chinoratidza maitiro akasiyana emashandiro avanotonga.
Mumwe musiyano mukuru uri mumitemo yekushanda. Semuyenzaniso, Chikamu 91 mashandiro anonyanya kuitwa pasi pemitemo yendege yekuona (VFR), nepo Zvikamu 121 uye 135 mashandiro anowanzoitwa pasi pemitemo yekubhururuka kwezviridzwa (IFR).
Mitemo Yekushanda
Mitemo yekushanda yeZvikamu zvitatu zvakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekushanda kwendege. Iyi mitemo inovhara nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva pamitemo yendege uye maitiro ekushanda kusvika pakugadzirisa ndege uye zvidzidzo zvevashandi.
Chikamu 91 mirau, ichiva diki inorambidza, inobvumira kuchinjika kukuru mukuita kwendege. Zvakadaro, kuchinjika uku kunouya nebasa rekuona kuchengetedzwa kwendege. Kusiyana neizvi, Zvikamu 121 uye 135 zvine mirau yekushanda yakasimba, inoratidza kuoma kukuru uye njodzi ine chekuita nekuita uku.
Pasinei nekusiyana kwemitemo yavo yekushanda, zvikamu zvitatu zvose zvinogovera chinangwa chimwe chete: kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwekushanda kwendege. Ichi chinangwa chinowanikwa kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwekutarisa kwekutonga uye mutoro wega wega wevatyairi vendege nevafambisi.
Mitemo yekuchengetedza muZvikamu Zvitatu
Kuchengetedza kuri pamwoyo wemirairo muZvikamu zvitatu. Iyi mirau inogadza mashoma ekuchengetedza maitiro ekufambisa ndege, anovhara nzvimbo dzakaita sekugadzirisa ndege, kudzidziswa kwevashandi, uye maitiro ekushanda.
Chikamu 91, chinodzora kubhururuka kwendege, chinoisa simbiso yakasimba pamutoro wega wega wemutyairi wendege. Mitemo yekuchengetedza iri pasi peChikamu 91 yakagadzirirwa kupa vatyairi vendege mukana wekugadzirisa mashandiro avo uku vachiona kuchengetedzwa kwendege.
Kusiyana neizvi, iyo mirairo yekuchengetedza iri pasi peZvikamu 121 uye 135 inoteedzera zvakanyanya, zvichiratidza njodzi huru ine chekuita nekuita uku. Mitemo iyi inogadza zviyero zvekuchengetedza zvakaomesesa zvekuchengetedza ndege, kudzidziswa kwevashandi, uye mashandiro endege.
Kuti Zvikamu Zvitatu zvinokanganisa sei vatyairi
Mitemo iri muZvikamu zvitatu ine simba guru kune vatyairi. Iyi mitemo inotsanangura mitemo yekushanda, mitemo yekuchengetedza, uye zvitupa zvinodikanwa izvo vatyairi vendege vanofanira kutevedzera.
Kune vatyairi vendege vanoshanda pasi peChikamu 91, iyo mirau inopa yakawanda yekushanda shanduko. Zvakadaro, kuchinjika uku kunouya nebasa rekuona kuchengetedzwa kwendege. Vatyairi vendege vanoshanda pasi peChikamu 91 vanofanirwa kuve nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemirairo uye kugona kuita sarudzo dzine musoro mukufarira kuchengetedza.
Kune vatyairi vendege vanoshanda pasi peZvikamu 121 uye 135, iyo mirau inoteedzera zvakanyanya. Vatyairi vendege ava vanofanirwa kutevedzera mitemo yakasimba yekushandisa uye kuchengetedza zviyero, uye vari pasi pekuongororwa nguva dzose uye kuongororwa neFAA.
Kusarudza kushanda zvakanaka
Kusarudza mavhisi akakodzera kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira mamiriro ekushanda, rudzi rwendege inoshandiswa, uye zvinodiwa chaizvo nevafambi.
Chikamu 91 chakanyatsokodzera kubhururuka kwakavanzika, kudzidziswa kwendege, uye yekunakidzwa nendege, uko kusimbiswa kuri pakuchinjika uye mutoro wega. Kune rimwe divi, Chikamu 121 ndicho chakanyanya kukodzera kune ndege dzinoshanda pane yakajairwa hurongwa, uko kuchengetedza uye kuvimbika kwakakosha. Kune vashandisi vanopa ndege dzisina kurongwa kana dzisingawanzo kurongerwa, Chikamu 135 ndiyo sarudzo yakanaka, inopa chiyero pakati pekushanduka uye kutonga kwekutonga.
Mukuita sarudzo iyi, zvakakosha kuti vashandi vanyatsofunga zvavanoda zvekushanda uye zvinodiwa zvekutonga zvechikamu chimwe nechimwe. Vanofanirawo kufunga nezvekutsvaga mazano enyanzvi kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vanoita sarudzo yakanakisisa.
mhedziso
Zvikamu 91, 121, uye 135 zveFederal Aviation Regulations ndiwo musimboti wekubhururuka nendege muUnited States. Mitemo iyi inotonga zvese zvemafambisirwo endege, kubva pakubhururuka kwendege kusvika kune vatakuri vendege vakarongwa uye pane-kudiwa/kufambiswa kwemufambi.
Nepo zvikamu izvi zvingaite sezvakaoma uye zvichityisa pakutanga kuzviona, kuzvinzwisisa kwakakosha kune chero munhu ane chekuita nendege. Nekunzwisisa mutsauko uripo pakati pezvikamu izvi uye zvazvinoreva kune vatyairi vendege nevashandisi, unogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo uye kuona kuchengetedzwa uye kubudirira kwemabasa ako.
Taura nesu kana kufonera Florida Flyers Team pa + 1 904 209 3510 kuti uve mutyairi wendege akabudirira.
