Aviation yasvika kure kure kubva Wright Hama' kubhururuka kwokutanga muna 1903. Kare ikako, vatyairi vendege vaingovimba nemepu, kambasi, uye kutsunga chaiko. Kunyange zvazvo maturusi aya aishanda, akanga asina kuchengetedzeka nguva dzose—kunyanya mumamiriro ekunze akaipa kana kuti munzvimbo dzaasina kujaira.
Nhasi, vatyairi vemazuva ano vane mukana wekushandura mutambo: NAVAIDS (Navigational Aids). Aya masisitimu - kubva pasi-pasi kusvika kune network setiraiti - inotungamira ndege zvine humbowo, kuve nechokwadi chekubhururuka kwakachengeteka uye kwakanaka kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Asi chii chaizvo chinonzi NAVAIDS, uye nei dzakanyanya kukosha pakubhururuka? Mugwaro iri, tichaongorora kukosha kwadzo, topaza mhando dzinonyanyozivikanwa, uye toratidza machinjiro avakaita kubhururuka nendege.
Chii chinonzi NAVAIDS uye Nei Dzichikosha?
Kana izwi rokuti NAVAIDS richinzwika risingazivikanwi, usanetseka-inongova shorthand yekufambisa ndege. NAVAIDS inomirira Navigational Aids, uye ndiyo izwi rekuti masystem anobatsira vatyairi vendege kuwana nzira yavo nemudenga.
Zvishandiso izvi zvinouya nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva pasi-based radio beacon kusvika kune satellite network. Pamwe chete, vanopa nhungamiro yevatyairi vendege kuti vafambe zvakachengeteka uye nemazvo, kunyangwe kuoneka kuri zero.
Nei Vari Navigational Aids Zvakakosha?
Fungidzira uchiedza kutyaira motokari isina zviratidzo zvomumugwagwa, isina GPS, uye mepu yausingagoni kuverenga. Ndizvo zvakanga zvakaita kubhururuka nendege mumazuva ekutanga endege. Vatyairi vendege vaivimba nemamepu, kambasi, uye zviratidzo—zvishandiso zvaishanda zvakanaka mumamiriro okunze kwakajeka asi zvaikundikana zvisingaite mumakore, mhute, kana kuti pamusoro penzvimbo dzisina chinhu dzakaita semakungwa nemagwenga.
Navigational Aids yakachinja zvese. Vanobvumira vatyairi kubhururuka vasina mareferensi ekuona, vachishandisa zviridzwa kutarisa nzvimbo yavo, kukwira, uye nzira. Paunonzwa nezvemutyairi wendege "anobhururuka pane zviridzwa," ivo vanovimba neNAVAIDS seVOR, GPS, uye ILS kuti varambe vari munzira.
Asi NAVAIDS haisi kungove nyore - ndeyekuchengetedza. Nekupa data-chaiyo-nguva, vanobatsira vatyairi vendege kudzivirira kudhumhana, kugara kure nazvo airspace, uye kufamba nemumamiriro okunze akaipa.
Muchidimbu, NAVAIDS ndicho chikonzero kubhururuka kwemazuva ano kwakachengeteka uye kwakavimbika. Vakashandura kubhururuka kubva pakubheja kune njodzi kuita sainzi chaiyo-uye ndivo musimboti wekubhururuka kwese kwaunobhururuka.
Mhando dzeNAVAIDS Inoshandiswa muAviation Nhasi
NAVAIDS inouya nenzira dzakawanda, imwe neimwe yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo mukufamba nendege. Heano kunyatsotarisisa mhando dzinowanzo zivikanwa uye kuti dzinoshanda sei:
ILS (Instrument Landing System)
The Chishandiso Kumhara System ishamwari yepamoyo yemutyairi wendege panguva yakashata. Iyo inonyatso dhizaini inotungamira ndege kuenda kunzira, kunyangwe kuoneka kuri pedyo ne zero.
ILS ine zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: iyo localizer uye glide slope. Iyo localizer inovimbisa kuti ndege inogara yakabatana nerunway centreline, nepo glide slope inodzora descent angle. Pamwe chete, vanobvumira vatyairi vendege kuti vamhanye zvakachengeteka mumamiriro ezvinhu apo gwara rendege rakavharika zvachose.
Nekudaro, iyo ILS ine mashoma mashoma emakiromita makumi maviri nerimwe, zvichiita kuti ive yakanakira nzira yekupedzisira asi kwete yekufambisa-nzira.
VOR (Very High-Frequency Omnidirectional Range)
The Very High-Frequency Omnidirectional Range inzira yakavakirwa pasi iyo yave iri chinhu chikuru chendege kwemakumi emakore. Inoshanda nekutepfenyura matanda eredhiyo, kana maradials, kumativi ese.
Vatyairi vendege vanogona kuridza muchiteshi cheVOR uye vatevedzere chaiyo radial kufamba kubva pane imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe. Iine huwandu hunosvika 360 nautical mamaira, VORs akanakira kubhururuka kureba.
Pasinei nekukwira kweGPS, VORs inoramba iri backup yakavimbika uye ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya mune zvese zvekutengesa uye zvekufamba nendege.
NDB (Non-Directional Beacon)
Iyo NDB ndeimwe yekare NAVAIDS ichiri kushandiswa. Inoburitsa imwe-frequency siginecha iyo paboard ADF (Automatic Direction Finding) midziyo inotora.
Iyo ADF inoita sekambasi, ine museve wakanongedza kuchiteshi cheNDB. Nepo iyi system iri nyore uye yakavimbika, haina kunyatsojeka pane dzimwe nzira dzemazuvano seVOR kana GPS.
NDBs dzinowanzo shandiswa se backup kana munzvimbo dziri kure uko dzimwe NAVAIDS dzisipo.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
GPS ndiro ramangwana rekufamba nendege. Ichishandisa satellite uye triangulation, inopa chaiyo-nguva data pane chinzvimbo, urefu, uye kumhanya.
Imwe yemabhenefiti makuru eGPS ndeyekufukidza kwayo pasi rose. Kusiyana nehurongwa hwepasi-pasi, haivimbi nezvivakwa zvemuno, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kune nhandare dzendege dziri kure uye nendege dzinoenda kure.
GPS yakanyatsojeka, inobvumira vatyairi kufamba nzendo dzese - kubva pakusimuka kusvika pakubata pasi - vachishandisa masaini esatellite ega.
INS (Inertial Navigation System)
Iyo INS inzira inozvimiririra inoshandisa gyroscopes uye accelerometers kutarisa nzvimbo yendege.
Inoshanda nekuyera masimba anoshanda mundege uye kushandisa iyo data kufanotaura nzvimbo yayo. Nekuti haivimbi nemasaini ekunze, iyo INS haina kukanganiswa kana kudhumhana.
Nekudaro, kana iyo system ikatadza, vatyairi vanorasikirwa nedata rese rekufamba. Kudzikamisa njodzi iyi, majeti mazhinji ekutengesa anotakura matatu maINS masisitimu ekudzokororwa.
Kubva pakurongeka kweILS kusvika pakusvika kwepasi rose kweGPS, NAVAID yega yega inoita basa rakakosha mukubhururuka kwemazuva ano. Pamwe chete, vanovimbisa kuti vatyairi vendege vanogona kufamba zvakachengeteka uye nemazvo, zvisinei nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Iko Evolution yeNAVAIDS: Kubva kuBeacons kuenda kuSatellite
NAVAIDS yasvika kure kubva pamazuva ekutanga ekufamba nendege. Mumakore ekuma1920, vatyairi vendege vaivimba nemabhikoni aioneka—marambi aipenya aiiswa munzira dzomumhepo—kuti vafambe usiku. Pakazosvika ma1930, mabhekoni eredhiyo akaita seNDB (Non-Directional Beacon) yakava chiyero, ichipa huchokwadi uye huwandu.
Ma1940s akaona kuunzwa kweVOR, iyo yakashandura mafambiro neayo omnidirectional radials. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1980, GPS yakabuda, ichishandisa masetelliti kupa kuvharika kwepasirese uye nemazvo zvisati zvamboitika.
Nhasi, kufambira mberi senge nzvimbo-yakavakirwa ADS-B uye yakawedzera GPS iri kusunda miganhu zvakatopfuura. Aya masisitimu anopa chaiyo-nguva yekutevera, kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kudzivirira kudhumhana, zvichiita kuti kubhururuka kuchengetedzeke uye kunyatsoshanda kupfuura kare.
Kunzwisisa shanduko iyi kunobatsira vatyairi vendege kukoshesa maturusi avanoshandisa nhasi-uye kuvagadzirira hunyanzvi hwemangwana.
Zvakajairwa Kukanganisa Paunenge Uchishandisa NAVAIDS (Uye Nzira Yokunzvenga Sei)
Kunyange vatyairi vendege vane ruzivo vanogona kukanganisa kana vachishandisa NAVAIDS. Heano mimwe misungo inowanzoitika-uye maitiro ekuadzivisa:
Kududzira zvisizvo VOR Radials: Kubhururuka kuenda kuVOR chiteshi kwakasiyana nekubhururuka kubva pairi. Kuvhiringa izvo zviviri zvinogona kutungamirira kune zvikanganiso zvekufamba. Nguva dzose tarisa-tarisa musoro wako uye radial.
Kunyanya Kuvimba neGPS: GPS yakavimbika zvinoshamisa, asi haina kukanganisa. Kurasikirwa kwechiratidzo kana dhatabhesi dzechinyakare zvinogona kutungamirira kuzvikanganiso. Gara wakatakura mapepa echati uye uzive mashandisirwo echinyakare NAVAIDS seVOR neNDB.
Kuregeredza ILS Limitations: ILS yakanyatsojeka, asi ine zvishoma zvishoma (anenge 21 mamaira). Kuvimba nazvo nekukurumidza kana kunonoka kunogona kukanganisa maitiro ako.
Kuregeredza NDB Calibration: NDBs dzinowanzo kanganisa senge dip uye kupindira. Gara uchigadzirisa ADF yako uye tarisa-tarisa nemamwe NAVAIDS.
Nekugara uchiziva nezvezvikanganiso izvi - uye nekudzidzira maitiro - unogona kufamba wakachengeteka uye nechivimbo, zvisinei nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Ruzivo rweNAVAID: Kiyi Yekuchengetedzeka Kubhururuka
Kudzidzira NAVAIDS kwakakosha kune chero mutyairi. Imwe neimwe sisitimu ine simba uye kushaya simba kwayo, uye kunzwisisa aya nuances kwakakosha pakuchengetedza ndege.
Semuenzaniso, ILS matanda anogona kukanganiswa ne scalloping (signal distortion) uye kusiyanisa kwemahombekombe (kukanganisa pedyo nemahombekombe). VOR radials inoita zvakasiyana zvichienderana nekuti uri kubhururuka kuenda kana kubva kuchiteshi. NDBs dzinowanzo dhipa zvikanganiso, uye GPS inogona kupa kuverenga kusiri iko kana wachi yako yepabhodhi isina kuwiriraniswa.
Izvi zvakaoma zvinosimbisa kuti nei kudzidziswa kwakakosha kwakakosha. Chikoro chakanaka chekubhururuka chinokudzidzisa kwete mashandisiro eNAVAIDS chete, asiwo maitiro ekugadzirisa dambudziko kana zvinhu zvashata.
NAVAIDS yakaoma, uye kufamba nayo zvinobudirira inyanzvi yakakosha yekuwana rezenisi remutyairi wako uye zviyero zvepamberi. Murairidzi ane ruzivo anogona kupindura mibvunzo yako, kujekesa kusahadzika, uye kukubatsira kushandisa dzidziso mumamiriro epasirese.
At Florida Flyers Flight Academy, NAVAIDS chikamu chikuru chedzidzo. Varairidzi vavo nyanzvi vanopa maoko-pakudzidziswa, kuve nechokwadi kuti wakagadzirira kushandisa masisitimu aya zvakachengeteka uye zvakachengeteka.
Kana iwe uri serious nezve kugona NAVAIDS, wadii kusvika kuFlorida Flyers? Vanozokubatsira kuvaka hunyanzvi uye ruzivo rwaunoda kufamba mumatenga uine chivimbo.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve maitiro ekushandura rezenisi rezenisi rekunze mumatanho mana.
