ⓘ TL;DR
- Mzere wolowera msewu ndi chizindikiro choyimitsa chomwe chimapangidwa ndi mizere inayi yachikasu. Imani musanayambe mizere yolimba pokhapokha ngati ATC ikukupatsani chilolezo chodutsa.
- Mizere yolimba imayang'ana msewu wonyamukira ndege. Mizere yopapatiza imayang'ana msewu wonyamukira ndege. Kuwoloka mizere yolimba popanda mtunda ndi njira yolowera msewu wonyamukira ndege.
- Mzere wolowera wa VFR uli ndi mizere iwiri yachikasu yokha ndipo umafuna kuti msewu wolowera uwoneke bwino m'malo moyembekezera kuti msewu ufike pa ATC.
- Lamulo la 70/50 limathandiza oyendetsa ndege kuyimitsa ndegeyo bwino isanafike mzere woyima, kuonetsetsa kuti msewu wa ndegeyo ukuwoneka bwino popanda kulowererapo.
- Chitani mzere uliwonse wogwirira ngati malire olimba. Lembani chizindikirocho m'munsi, werengani chikwangwanicho, imani bwino, ndipo tsimikizirani kuti msewu uli bwino musanawoloke.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Woyendetsa ndege amene walakwitsa powerenga mzere wolowera ndege, walakwitsa kale kwambiri. Zizindikiro zojambulidwa pamwamba pa msewu wa taxi si malangizo kapena malangizo, ndi malo oimika magalimoto omwe amalekanitsa malo olowera ndege ndi malo olowera ndege. Kuwoloka popanda chilolezo chomveka bwino ndi malo olowera ndege, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndege ina ili pafupi.
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amaphunzira lamulo loyambira panthawi yophunzitsa kenako amaiwala mfundo zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azitsatira. Kusiyana pakati pa mzere wokhazikika wogwirira ndi mzere wogwirira wa VFR, zofunikira zenizeni zoyikira, ndi zotsatira za nosewheel kudutsa mizere yolimba, mfundo izi sizimalandira chisamaliro choyenera mpaka chochitika chikachitika.
Nkhaniyi ikutseka mpata umenewo. Pomaliza, mudzadziwa bwino tanthauzo la chizindikiro chilichonse cha mzere wogwirira, nthawi yomwe muyenera kuyima, komanso momwe mungadziwire njira iliyonse yolowera ku bwalo la ndege kuti kuwoloka mzere wogwirira kusakhale kolosera.
Zimene Mizere Inayi Yachikasu Imatanthauza Kwenikweni
Mzere wolowera msewu wa ndege ndi malo oimikapo magalimoto ofunikira ojambulidwa pa msewu wa taxi, wokhala ndi mizere inayi yachikasu: mizere iwiri yolimba ndi iwiri yopingasa. Mizere yolimba ili mbali ya msewu wa ndege, mizere yopingasa ili mbali ya msewu wa taxi. Makonzedwe amenewa si okongoletsedwa, amakuuzani komwe malo oimika magalimoto a ndege amayambira komanso komwe ndege yanu iyenera kuyima.
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amatha kuzindikira chizindikirocho, koma ambiri amachiona ngati lingaliro osati ngati malire olimba. Chisokonezocho chimachokera ku mfundo yakuti chimawoneka chofanana ndi zizindikiro zina za pamsewu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosafunikira kwenikweni. Palibe kumveka bwino apa. Kapangidwe ka mizere inayi ndi kapadera kwa okhawo zizindikiro za malo ogwirira msewu wa ndege, ndipo ili ndi kulemera kovomerezeka kofanana ndi chikwangwani choyimitsa msewu.
Mizere yolimba imayang'ana msewu wonyamukira ndege. Mizere yolimba imayang'ana msewu wonyamukira ndege. Izi zikutanthauza kuti muyamba mwayandikira mizere yolimba, ndipo gudumu lanu la mphuno liyenera kuyima musanadutse mizere yolimba. Kudutsa seti iliyonse popanda chilolezo cha ATC ndi njira yolowera msewu wonyamukira ndege, palibe kupatulapo, palibe malo otuwa.
Kumvetsa chizindikiro ichi kumasintha momwe mumayandikira malo aliwonse olumikizirana magalimoto kuchokera ku taxi kupita ku runway. Mumasiya kufunafuna chikwangwani ndikuyamba kuwerenga msewu. Mumasiya kuganiza mozama ndikuyamba kudziwa komwe malire ali.
Nthawi Yomwe Muyenera Kuyima, ndi Nthawi Yomwe Mungawoloke
Lamuloli ndi losavuta kwambiri: mumayima pamzere woyima pokhapokha ngati ATC yakuuzani zina. Palibe kupatulapo ngati muli ndi changu, palibe kupatulapo ngati pali pafupipafupi chete, palibe kupatulapo chifukwa mutha kuwona kuti msewu woyima uli wopanda kanthu. Nthawi yomweyo gudumu lanu la mphuno likakhudza kapena kudutsa mizere yachikasu yolimba popanda kutseguka, mwalowa mumsewu woyima. FAA imaona izi ngati kuphwanya malamulo kwakukulu, osati kulephera pang'ono.
Ndege zotera zimakhala ndi njira imodzi yapadera, ndipo zimakhala zopapatiza kuposa momwe oyendetsa ndege ambiri amaganizira. Pambuyo pofika pansi, ndegeyo iyenera kupitirira mizere yolimba isanayime kapena kuzimitsa. Osati kwambiri kupitirira. Osati ndi mphuno yodutsa. Kupitirira kwathunthu. gwirani ndi kufunsa lamulo imagwira ntchito pazochitika zina zonse, kutuluka pang'onopang'ono, kusintha malo, kuwoloka msewu wothamanga kuti mukafike pa mpanda. Mumayimirira. Mumafunsa. Mumayembekezera kuti msewu ufike.
Apa ndi pamene pali kusiyana pakati pa VFR ndi IFR Chofunika kwambiri. Pansi pa IFR, mumakhala kale mukulankhulana ndi ATC ndipo mukuyembekezera malangizo enaake. Pansi pa VFR pamalo opanda nsanja, palibe wowongolera woti apereke chilolezo. Mumayima, mumatsegula msewu wolowera mbali zonse ziwiri, ndikuwoloka pokhapokha ngati kuli kotetezeka. Mzere wolowera umawonetsabe malire. Kusakhalapo kwa wailesi sikuchotsa mzerewo.
Kuwoloka msewu popanda chilolezo si nkhani yoweruza. Ndi nkhani ya binary. Mzere uli kumbuyo kwa mphuno yanu kapena ayi. Kuwona ngati njira yokambirana ndi momwe kuukira kwa msewu wa ndege kumachitikira.
Mzere Wogwira Ntchito wa VFR, Momwe Umaonekera ndi Chifukwa Chake Ulipo
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amachita chimodzimodzi ndi mizere yonse yachikasu yolumikizira, ndipo pamenepo ndi pomwe vuto limayambira. Chizindikiro cha mizere inayi chimasonyeza kuti pali msewu woyendetsedwa bwino komwe ATC clearance ndiyo yokhayo yomwe imadutsa. Koma pali chizindikiro chosiyana m'mabwalo a ndege omwe si a nsanja komanso m'malo olumikizirana ndege a VFR okha, ndipo kusokoneza ziwirizi ndi njira yofulumira yopitira ku kugundana.
Pamaso:
Woyendetsa galimoto akuyenda molunjika ku bwalo la ndege lomwe lili pamalo opanda phokoso ndipo akuona mzere umodzi wachikasu wokhazikika wolumikizidwa ndi mzere umodzi wosweka. Kukumbukira minofu kumayamba. Amayima, amaitana malo, ndikudikirira malo omwe sangabwere. Wailesi imakhala chete. Kukhumudwa kumawonjezeka. Pamapeto pake, amathamangira patsogolo, osadziwa ngati ali ndi chilolezo chosuntha. Kuzengereza kumeneko ndi chisokonezo zimapangitsa kuti msewu wa taxi ukhale wovuta.
Pambuyo pake:
Woyendetsa ndege amazindikira mzere wolowera wa VFR nthawi yomweyo. Mzere umodzi wolimba mbali ya msewu wolowera ndege ndi mzere umodzi wolunjika mbali ya msewu wodutsa magalimoto. Palibe chifukwa cholowera ATC. Njirayi ndi yosavuta: imani musanayambe mzere wolimba, chotsani msewu wolowera ndege mbali zonse ziwiri, ndikuwoloka pamene uli wotetezeka. Ndegeyo imayenda bwino, woyendetsa ndegeyo amakhalabe wolamulira, ndipo chiopsezo cha kuukira ndegecho chimatsika kufika pa zero.
Mzere wa VFR ulipo chifukwa si msewu uliwonse wolowera ndege womwe umafunika wowongolera kuti ukhale wotetezeka. Maso a woyendetsa ndege amachita ntchito yomwe wailesi ingachite pabwalo lalitali. Kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa mizere inayi ndi mizere iwiri si nkhani yaing'ono, koma kusiyana pakati pa kuyembekezera chilolezo chomwe sichidzafika ndi kupanga kuwoloka kovomerezeka komanso kodalirika.
Lamulo la 70/50, Chitsanzo cha Maganizo cha Malo Otetezeka
Nthawi yoopsa kwambiri pafupi ndi msewu wokwerera ndege si msewu wowolokera, koma njira yolowera. Oyendetsa ndege amangoyang'ana mzere wolowera ndipo amaiwala kuti pomwe ayima ndiye kuti amatsimikizira ngati ali ndi chidziwitso chokwanira chowonera kuti apange chisankho chotetezeka. Lamulo la 70/50 limathetsa vutoli popatsa maso cholinga chenicheni asanafike pamphuno pa utoto wachikasu.
Imani pamalo pomwe m'lifupi mwa msewu wonyamuliramo ndege mumadzaza pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya mawonekedwe akutsogolo ndipo kutalika kwa msewu wonyamuliramo ndege kumafikira pafupifupi theka la thambo looneka. Iyi si muyeso wolondola. Ndi chiweruzo chochitidwa chomwe chimakakamiza woyendetsa ndege kuyang'ana malo onse onyamuliramo ndege asanadzipereke kuyimitsa. Lamuloli limagwira ntchito chifukwa limasuntha chidwi kuchokera pa chizindikiro cha msewu kupita ku mlengalenga ndi pamwamba pake.
Woyendetsa ndege amene wayima kwambiri kumbuyo amaona malo ochepera theka la msewu wolowera ndege ndipo sangatsimikize kuti njira yolowera ndi yoyera. Woyendetsa ndege amene akuthamangira patsogolo akhoza kulephera kudutsa mizere yolimba asanamalize kufufuza. Malo a 70/50 ali pamalo abwino, pafupi mokwanira kuti awone chithunzi chonse, patali mokwanira kuti akhale ovomerezeka.
Lembani lamulo ili mukukonzekera tekisi. Sankhani chithunzi chooneka m'mphepete mwa msewu wonyamulira ndege chomwe chikugwirizana ndi chizindikiro cha m'lifupi cha 70 peresenti. Gwiritsani ntchito kumapeto kwa msewu wonyamulira ndege ngati chithunzi cha kutalika kwa 50 peresenti. Zikagwirizana ziwirizi, malo oyima amakhala olondola. Chitsanzo chamaganizo chimalowa m'malo mwa cheke chobwerezabwereza chomwe chimagwira ntchito pa eyapoti iliyonse, ngati pali vuto lililonse looneka.
Lamuloli sililowa m'malo mwa mzere woyima. Limateteza woyendetsa ndege kuti asafike pamzere popanda chidziwitso chofunikira kuti awoloke bwino.
Momwe Mungawerengere Zizindikiro Zotsatizana
Zizindikiro zachikasu pa msewu ndi theka lokha la chithunzicho. Zikwangwani zomwe zili pambali pawo zili ndi malangizo enieni, ndipo kuwerenga molakwika chikwangwani n'koopsa mofanana ndi kunyalanyaza mizere yojambulidwa. Mzere uliwonse wokhala ndi chikwangwani chogwirizana nacho chomwe chimakuuzani zomwe mukubwera komanso zomwe muyenera kuchita.
- Chikwangwani chogwirira msewu wothamanga, maziko ofiira, zilembo zoyera
- Chizindikiro cha ILS cha dera lofunikira, maziko ofiira, zolembedwa zoyera
- Chikwangwani cha malo otetezeka a msewu wothamanga, maziko achikasu, zilembo zakuda
- Palibe chikwangwani cholowera, bwalo lofiira, bala loyera lopingasa
- Chikwangwani cha malo a taxiway, maziko akuda, zilembo zachikasu
- Chikwangwani cholozera, maziko achikasu, zolemba zakuda
- Chikwangwani cha komwe mukupita, maziko akuda, zilembo zachikasu
Chikwangwani choimirira msewu wa ndege ndicho chofunika kwambiri. Nthawi zonse chimakhala chofiira ndi zilembo zoyera, ndipo chimasonyeza malo enieni omwe ndegeyo iyenera kuyima. Miyezo ya FAA ya zizindikiro za msewu wopita ku msewu fotokozani kuti zizindikiro izi zimawonekera pa mphambano iliyonse ya msewu wopita ku msewu wa taxi, ndipo sizingakhale zosankha.
Lembani zizindikirozo mwachidule musanasamuke. Choyamba dziwani chizindikiro chofiira, kenako tsimikizirani mtundu wa chizindikiro chomwe chili pa msewu. Ngati chizindikirocho chili ndi mawu akuti “ILS” kapena “RSA,” mzere wolowera umateteza zambiri osati pamwamba pa msewu wolowera, koma umateteza njira yolowera kapena malo otetezeka omwe ali kunja. Chitani zizindikirozo ndi lamulo lofanana ndi chizindikiro cha msewu wolowera.
Chimachitika ndi Chiyani Mukawoloka Mopanda Chilolezo?
Pamene gudumu la m'mphuno likakhudza mbali ina ya mizere yachikasu yolimba, chochitikacho chimakhala chapadera kale. FAA sisiyanitsa pakati pa kusokoneza mwadala ndi kulephera kwakanthawi. Zonsezi ndi makwerero a ndege, ndipo zonse ziwiri zimayambitsa njira zomwezo zokakamiza.
Kudutsa malire opanda chilolezo cha ATC si vuto la mapepala. Ndi kuphwanya mwachindunji FAR 91.129, yomwe imayang'anira ntchito mu Class D airspace, ndi FAR 91.127 ya Gulu C. FAA imaiona ngati kupatuka kuchoka pa chilolezo cha ATC, chomwe chili ndi kulemera kofanana ndi kunyalanyaza gawo lolowera kapena kutalika. Yankho lokakamiza lingathe kudziwidwa: kalata yofufuza, kuyimitsidwa kwa ziphaso zoyendetsa ndege, ndi ulendo wofunikira wowunikiranso.
Ngozi yeniyeni si ya FAA. Ndi ndege yomwe simunaione chifukwa munali kale odzipereka ku malo oimikapo ndege. Ndege yotera pa liwiro la 70 knots imathamanga mamita 120 pa sekondi. Mzere wolowera ndiye chotchinga chomaliza pakati pa msewu wa taxi ndi liwiro lotseka. Mukangodutsa, malire a cholakwika amatsika kuchoka pa masekondi kupita ku magawo a sekondi imodzi.
Oyendetsa ndege omwe amanena kuti gudumu la m'mphuno limadutsa pamzerewu kuti "liri pafupi mokwanira" samvetsa mfundo yonse. Mzerewu si lingaliro la komwe mungaimire. Ndi malire a malo otetezedwa komwe kulekanitsidwa kumayendetsedwa ndi munthu amene sangathe kuwona mawilo anu. Inchi iliyonse yodutsa mizere yolimba imakhala inchi imodzi mkati mwa malo amenewo popanda chilolezo.
Momwe Mungafupikitsire Mzere Woyimilira Ndege Isanayambe
Mndandanda wazinthu zisanu zomwe munthu amaganizira zimasandutsa taxi yachizolowezi kukhala njira yodzitetezera mwadala. Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amalephera kuyankha chifukwa amaganiza kuti mzere uliwonse wolowera ndi wofanana. Lingaliro limenelo ndilomwe limayambitsa kulowerera komwe kumathetsa ntchito.
Dziwani mtundu wa chizindikiro musanafike pafupi kuti muyime
Mizere yokhazikika yogwira ili ndi mizere inayi yachikasu. Mizere yokhazikika ya VFR ili ndi iwiri. Kulakwitsa mzere wokhazikika wa VFR kukhala wokhazikika kumatanthauza kuti mutha kuyima ngati palibe chifukwa cholowera, kapena choipa kwambiri, kuwoloka mzere wokhazikika popanda chilolezo chofunikira.
Werengani chikwangwani chomwe chili pansipa pamene mukupitirirabe
Chikwangwani chofiira choimirira msewu wa ndege chimatsimikizira kuti mukuyandikira msewu wa ndege. Chikwangwani cha ILS chokhudza malo ofunikira chimachenjeza za zida zoyendetsera ndege zomwe zimakhala zovuta. Woyendetsa ndege amene amawerenga chikwangwanicho atayima kale wataya kale zomwe zimafunika kuti apange chisankho choyenera.
Imani ndi chiguduli champhuno musanayambe mizere yachikasu yolimba
Mizere yolimba ili m'mbali mwa msewu wonyamulira ndege. Chiguduli cha mphuno chomwe chimawadutsa, ngakhale ndi mainchesi, chimapanga kulowera kwa msewu wonyamulira ndege. Ndegeyo siyenera kukhala yonse kudutsa mzerewo kuti iyambe kuchitapo kanthu.
Chotsani njira yonyamuliramo msewu m'njira zonse ziwiri
Gawo ili silosankha pansi pa VFR ndipo limakhalabe njira yabwino pansi pa IFR. Woyendetsa ndege amene amadziika pa mzere wokhazikika wodzilemba chizindikiro amaphonya ndegeyo pa nthawi yochepa yomwe chizindikirocho chilipo kuti chiteteze.
Vomerezani chilolezo cha ATC musanawoloke
Bwerezani njira yolowera m'mbuyo. Kuwoloka mogwedeza mutu kapena motsogozedwa ndi dzanja si njira yolowera. Woyendetsa ndege amene amawoloka popanda kutsimikizira pakamwa sakhala ndi chitetezo pamene tepiyo ikuwunikidwanso.
Kuyendetsa njira zisanu izi pa njira iliyonse, nthawi iliyonse, kumamanga chizolowezi chomwe chimapulumuka kutopa, kusokonezeka, ndi kupsinjika. Mzere woyimirira umakhala choyambitsa yankho lodziletsa m'malo modabwitsa komwe kumafuna chisankho cha mphindi zochepa.
Pangani Chizolowezi Chokhala ndi Mzere Wokhazikika, Osati Chodabwitsa
Mzere wogwirira si chizindikiro chovuta. Ndi malire a binary omwe amafuna yankho la binary: kuyimitsa kapena kuwoloka ndi chilolezo. Kusiyana pakati pa mzere wokhazikika wa IFR hold ndi mzere wogwirira wa VFR ndi kusiyana pakati pa kutsatira njira ndi kupanga chigamulo, ndipo chigamulo chimenecho ndi komwe oyendetsa ndege amakumana ndi mavuto.
Kuona mzere wolowera ngati gawo lachizolowezi la tekisi iliyonse kumasintha zotsatira zake. Woyendetsa ndege amene amafotokozera njira yolowera msewu uliwonse, kuzindikira mtundu wa chizindikiro, kuwerenga chikwangwani, kuyima ndi chiguduli cha mphuno patsogolo pa mizere yolimba, amachotsa kudabwa komwe kumabweretsa kuukira. Njira ina ndi nthawi yosatsimikizika panthawi yovuta kwambiri, ndege ikayandikira komaliza ndipo palibe malo olakwika.
Pangani mzere wolowera mu msonkhano uliwonse wa ndege musananyamuke. Yesetsani kuuzindikira pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto. Pangani malo oyima okha. Kulemba chizindikiro n'kosavuta. Chizolowezi ndicho chimathandiza kuti izi zichitike.
Mafunso Omwe Amafunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Mizere Yoyimilira Msewu
Kodi mzere wolowera msewu wopita ku msewu wonyamukira ndege ndi chiyani?
Mzere wolowera msewu ndi malo oimikapo magalimoto olembedwa pamwamba pa msewu wa taxi, wokhala ndi mizere inayi yachikasu, iwiri yolimba ndi iwiri yopingasa, zomwe zimasonyeza komwe ndege iyenera kuyima isanalowe mu msewu wa taxi. Mizere yolimba nthawi zonse imakhala mbali ya msewu wa taxi, ndipo mizere yopingasa imakhala mbali ya msewu wa taxi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malire owoneka bwino omwe oyendetsa ndege ayenera kulemekeza popanda kusiyanitsa.
Kodi lamulo la 70 50 ndi chiyani?
Lamulo la 70/50 ndi chitsanzo chamaganizo choyimitsa ndege patsogolo pa mzere woyima kuti woyendetsa ndege athe kuwona 70% ya m'lifupi mwa msewu woyima ndi 50% ya kutalika kwake popanda kulowerera mu malo otetezedwa a msewu woyima. Njirayi imaletsa cholakwika chofala choyima kumbuyo kwambiri kapena pafupi kwambiri ndi chizindikiro, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pali chidziwitso chokwanira cha momwe zinthu zilili musanawoloke.
Kodi VFR Hold Line imatanthauza chiyani?
Mzere wokhazikika wa VFR ndi mtundu wa chizindikiro cha mzere wokhazikika, wokhala ndi mzere umodzi wachikasu wolimba ndi mzere umodzi wachikasu wodulidwa, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pamabwalo a ndege opanda nsanja kapena pamalo enaake olumikizirana a VFR okha. Umasonyeza kuti oyendetsa ndege ayenera kuyima ndikuwona bwino msewu wonyamulira ndege asanapitirire, m'malo moyembekezera chilolezo cha ATC chomwe sichingabwere.
Kodi mzere wolumikizira wa VFR umawoneka bwanji?
Mzere wolowera wa VFR umawoneka ngati mzere umodzi wachikasu wolimba komanso mzere umodzi wachikasu wojambulidwa kudutsa msewu wa taxiway, ndi mzere wolimba mbali ya msewu wonyamulira ndi mzere wodutsa mbali ya msewu wa taxiway. Chizindikiro chosavuta ichi chimasiyanitsa mzere wolowera wa mizere inayi wa IFR ndipo chimagwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro chowoneka bwino kuti njira yowolokera ndi yosiyana.
