Kuvomerezedwa Kwambiri kwa Magwiridwe Abwino: Buku Lotsogolera la FAA Pilot

Kuvomerezedwa kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi chilolezo cha logbook kamodzi kokha chomwe chikufunika pansi pa 14 CFR 61.31(f) Musanayambe kuyendetsa ndege iliyonse yoyendetsedwa ndi injini yopanga mphamvu zoposa mahatchi 200. Njira yopezera chivomerezo chimenecho ndi imodzi: kulandira ndikulemba maphunziro apansi ndi akuuluka kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi wovomerezeka woyendetsa ndege mu ndege yoyenerera yogwira ntchito bwino kapena choyimira choyimira, kenako pezani chivomerezo cha mphunzitsi kamodzi kokha. Palibe ulendo wobwerezabwereza, palibe satifiketi yosiyana - kulowa kamodzi kokha, kosatha komwe kumatsegula gulu lonse la ndege.

Musanakonzekere phunziro lanu loyamba, onetsetsani kuti mwalemba zinthu zitatu izi motsatira ndondomeko:

• Maphunziro apansi: Malangizo olembedwa okhudza makina a injini, kasamalidwe ka propeller, makina amafuta, deta ya magwiridwe antchito a POH, ndi njira zadzidzidzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
• Nthawi yophunzitsira ndege kapena nthawi yoyeserera: Kuwonetsa luso mu ndege yoyenerera kapena chipangizo chophunzitsira ndege (FTD) kapena Full Flight Simulator (FFS).
• Kuvomerezedwa kwa buku la zolemba za aphunzitsi: Chikalata chovomerezeka kamodzi kokha, chosainidwa ndi mphunzitsi wodziwa bwino za ndege (CFI) wololedwa kupereka maphunzirowa.

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

• Maphunziro apansi ndi ndege omwe ayenera kuphimba
• Momwe mungapezere chivomerezo cha logbook, sitepe ndi sitepe
• Kodi kuvomereza kwapamwamba kumasiyana bwanji ndi kovuta komanso kokwera kwambiri?
• Momwe Florida Flyers Flight Academy imaperekera maphunziro apamwamba
• Zitengera Zapadera
• Chitsimikizo chomwe chimamangadi oyendetsa ndege
• Florida Flyers Flight Academy: sitepe yanu yotsatira kuti mukhale ndi luso lapamwamba
• Magwero ovomerezeka ndi kuwerenga kwina

Zosiyana zomwe muyenera kudziwa

Kupatula malamulo awiri kumachepetsa kufunika kovomerezeka pazochitika zinazake:

• Kubereka Agogo (asanafike pa Ogasiti 4, 1997): — Oyendetsa ndege omwe adalemba nthawi ya PIC mu ndege yothamanga kwambiri isanafike pa Ogasiti 4, 1997, saloledwa kutsatira lamulo lovomerezeka, bola ngati angathe kulemba nthawiyo m'mabuku awo olembera. Gawo la eCFR grandfathering ndilo lolamulira.

Ngati palibe chilichonse chomwe chikukukhudzani, kuvomereza kumeneku ndi kofunikira musanakwere ndege yoyamba ya PIC mu ndege yoyenerera.

Maphunziro apansi ndi ndege omwe ayenera kuphimba

Lamuloli limafuna luso lowonetsa, osati maola olembedwa okha. Aphunzitsi adzayembekezera kuti muwonetse luso lanu pa machitidwe ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito musanasainire buku lanu lolemba.

Mitu yophunzitsira pansi

• Makina a injini: jakisoni wa mafuta, turbocharging (ngati kuli koyenera), makina a mafuta, ndi kasamalidwe koziziritsa pansi pa ntchito zamphamvu kwambiri
• Kugwira ntchito kwa propeller gavana: chiphunzitso cha propeller cha liwiro lokhazikika, ubale wa RPM ndi manifold pressure, komanso kupewa kuthamanga kwambiri
• Kusamalira mafuta: kuyenda kwa mafuta m'malo osiyanasiyana amagetsi, njira zosakanikirana, ndi kapangidwe ka makina amafuta
• Kulemera ndi kulinganiza: kuwerengera CG pa zolemera zazikulu zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi ndege zogwira ntchito bwino
• Ma chart a POH performance: mtunda wonyamuka, momwe kukwera, makonda a mphamvu zoyendera panyanja, ndi deta yofikira pamalo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu
• Njira zadzidzidzi: kukonzekera kuzimitsa injini, kugwira ntchito pang'ono kwa magetsi, ndi dongosolo losazolowereka la mndandanda wa zinthu
• Zoletsa: zoletsa liwiro la mpweya (Va, Vne, Vfe), malire ogwiritsira ntchito injini, ndi zoletsa za RPM ya propeller

Mayendedwe a ndege ndi madera odziwa bwino ntchito

• Kukwera kwamphamvu kwambiri komanso kuyang'anira koyamba kukwera, kuphatikiza torque ndi P-factor correction
• Njira zonyamukira ndi kutera pogwiritsa ntchito njira zazifupi komanso zofewa pa liwiro lapamwamba kwambiri pofika pa sitimayo
• Ma turn otsetsereka ndi kasamalidwe koyenera ka mphamvu kuti musunge mtunda
• Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso kuzindikira malo ogona pa kulemera kwakukulu
• Njira zoyendetsera ntchito ndi mphamvu zonse komanso kulamulira poyimba
• Kugwirizana kwa kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya (RPM) panthawi yokwera, kuyenda panyanja, ndi kutsika
• Kubwezeretsa khalidwe losazolowereka pansi pa mphamvu
• Kutsetsereka kwa mphepo yowoloka m'mawonekedwe olemera a nosewheel

Ndalama zoyendetsera simulator zili m'malamulo: FFS kapena FTD yoyimira ikhoza kukwaniritsa zofunikira pa maphunziro oyendetsa ndege ikatengera mokwanira machitidwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndege. Njirayi ndi yothandiza makamaka pa maphunziro ogwiritsira ntchito zida kapena pamene kupezeka kwa ndege kuli kochepa.

Ovomereza Tip: Bweretsani buku lanu la zochitika, satifiketi yoyendetsa ndege, ndi zamankhwala zomwe mukuchita panopa ku gawo loyamba la ndege. Aphunzitsi nthawi zambiri amawunikanso zomwe mwakumana nazo kale musanakonze silabasi, ndipo kukhala ndi zikalata zokonzekera kumathandiza kupewa kuchedwa kwa nthawi. Mndandanda wowunikira ndege yophunzitsira musananyamuke uyeneranso kuunikanso musanayambe phunziro lanu loyamba la ndege.

Momwe mungapezere chivomerezo cha logbook, sitepe ndi sitepe

Njirayi ndi yolunjika komanso yomveka bwino. Tsatirani njira izi motsatizana:

6. Landirani chivomerezo cha buku la zochitika. CFI imalemba chikalata chotsimikizira mu logbook yanu. Chikalata Cholangiza cha FAA AC 61-65F, mawu okhazikika amatsatira chitsanzo ichi:

Ndani angathe kupereka chitsimikizo

Mphunzitsi aliyense wodziwa bwino za ndege (CFI) yemwe ali ndi gulu loyenera la ndege komanso kalasi yoyenera angapereke maphunzirowo ndikupereka chivomerezocho. Pansi pa pulogalamu yophunzitsira ya Gawo 135 yovomerezeka, kuyesedwa kwa luso ndi woyendetsa ndege wodziwa bwino ntchito yake kungatenge malo a chivomerezo cha munthu aliyense payekha.

Zikalata zoti zikhale zokonzeka pa gawo lililonse:

• Satifiketi yoyendetsa ndege (yoyambirira)
• Satifiketi yachipatala yomwe ilipo pano
• Chithunzi cha ID choperekedwa ndi boma
• Logbook yokhala ndi zolemba zonse zakale zomwe zikupezeka

Mavuto ofala komanso zoyeserera zomwe zimafuna kuchitidwa

Kufika kwa mphepo m'ndege zolemera kwambiri kumachititsa oyendetsa ndege ambiri kudabwa. Kuchuluka kwa kutopa kumatanthauza kuti kukonza kuyenera kuyambitsidwa msanga, ndipo kuphulika mochedwa kungapangitse kuti ndegeyo ifike bwino. Aphunzitsi nthawi zambiri amayendetsa maulendo atatu kapena asanu motsatizana mpaka nthawiyo itakhala yachibadwa.

Kuwongolera mphamvu ndi P-factor poyenda ndiye vuto lachiwiri lofala kwambiri. Oyendetsa ndege omwe amasintha kuchoka pa 150–160 HP nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chiwongolero chakumanja chosakwanira panthawi yoyamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azitsatira kumanzere. Kuyang'ana pansi molunjika pa zotsatira za kutsetsereka kwa propeller, kuphatikiza ndi ma chiwongolero okakamiza ndi kupanikizika, kumathetsa vutoli mwachangu.

Kuzindikira liwiro la propeller ndi kusiyana kwa chidziwitso cha machitidwe komwe kumaonekera panthawi yotsika kwambiri. Oyendetsa ndege omwe amayendetsa ndege zokhazikika nthawi zina amachepetsa mphamvu ya throttle popanda kusintha kayendetsedwe ka propeller, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti RPM ipitirire malire. Aphunzitsi amathetsa vutoli pogwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera mphamvu zomwe zimachitika munthu asanakwere ndege yoyamba yokha.

Ovomereza Tip: Funsani mphunzitsi yemwe ali ndi luso lapadera pa ndege yomwe mukuphunzira. Mwachitsanzo, CFI yemwe wakhala akugwira ntchito nthawi yayitali mu Bonanza, adzakhala ataphunzira bwino za kayendetsedwe ka mphamvu ya ndegeyo ndipo akhoza kufulumizitsa luso lanu. Gwiritsani ntchito pulogalamu yokonzekera nthawi ya ndege kuti muwerengere malo ophunzirira motsatizana ndikuchepetsa kusiyana pakati pa maulendo.

Kodi kuvomereza kwapamwamba kumasiyana bwanji ndi kovuta komanso kokwera kwambiri?

Mapangano atatuwa akufotokoza za makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a ndege ndipo nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka. AOPA ikuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti chisokonezochi ndi chimodzi mwa zolakwika zomwe oyendetsa ndege amachita akamaphunzira pansi.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu:

• Cessna 182 yokhala ndi IO-540 ndi yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri koma si yovuta (giya yokhazikika, pitch yokhazikika kapena propeller yothamanga nthawi zonse kutengera mtundu wake). Tsimikizirani kasinthidwe kake.
• Beechcraft Bonanza A36 ndi yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri (300 HP) komanso yovuta (giya yobwezeretseka, propeller yothamanga nthawi zonse, ma flaps). Mufunika kuvomerezedwa ndi onse awiri musanayambe kugwira ntchito ngati PIC.
• Maphunziro okwera mtunda wautali ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimaphatikizapo maphunziro okhudza thupi ndi kasamalidwe ka makina okakamiza. Sichikugwirizana ndi kuvomerezedwa kwapamwamba pokhapokha m'ndege zomwe zimakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba komanso zopanikizika.

Lamulo la pa injini iliyonse liyeneranso fanizo lina lenileni: ndege ya mainjini awiri yokhala ndi mainjini awiri a 180-HP imapanga mphamvu ya 360 HP pamodzi, koma palibe injini iliyonse yomwe imaposa 200 HP. Ndegeyo siigwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pansi pa 14 CFR 61.31(f). Kuvomerezedwa sikungafunike, ngakhale zofunikira zina zophunzitsira zingagwiritsidwebe ntchito kutengera makina a ndegeyo.

Momwe Florida Flyers Flight Academy imaperekera maphunziro apamwamba

Flightschoolusa, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati Florida Flyers Flight Academy, imapanga maphunziro olimbikitsa ogwira ntchito bwino ngati gawo la njira yolumikizirana yoyendetsera bizinesi m'malo mongowonjezera yokha. Maphunzirowa akugwirizana mwachindunji ndi zofunikira za 14 CFR 61.31(f): malangizo oyambira omwe amakhudza mitu yonse yofunikira ya machitidwe, maphunziro oyendetsera ndege zoyenerera, ndi kuwunika kovomerezeka kwa mphunzitsi asanapereke chivomerezo cha logbook.

Umboni waukulu wochokera mu pulogalamu ya sukuluyi:

• Ulamuliro Wodzifufuza: — Florida Flyers ili ndi ulamuliro wodziyesa wekha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mayeso a FAA amachitikira m'nyumba. Izi zimachotsa kuchedwa kwa nthawi komwe nthawi zambiri kumawonjezera nthawi yophunzitsira m'masukulu popanda izi.

Lumikizanani mwachindunji ndi Florida Flyers Flight Academy kuti mutsimikizire kupezeka kwa ndege, njira zowerengera nthawi, ndi kuwerengera kolembetsa komwe kukugwirizana ndi maola omwe muli nawo kale.

Zitengera Zapadera

Kuvomerezedwa kwapamwamba kumafuna kuti munthu alowe mu logbook kamodzi kokha kuchokera ku CFI, komwe kumachitika kudzera mu maphunziro olembedwa pansi ndi ndege m'ndege yokhala ndi injini yopitirira 200 HP, motsogozedwa ndi 14 CFR 61.31(f).

Chitsimikizo chomwe chimamangadi oyendetsa ndege

Pali chizolowezi m'mabungwe ambiri oyendetsa ndege kuona kuvomerezedwa kwapamwamba ngati bokosi loyang'anira, chinthu chosonkhanitsidwa paulendo wopeza satifiketi yamalonda. Chikalata chimenecho sichikugwirizana ndi zomwe maphunzirowa adapangidwira kuchita.

Luso loyendetsa mphamvu ndi luso lomwe limasiyanitsa oyendetsa ndege omwe ali ndi luso lotha ntchito ndi oyendetsa ndege omwe ali ndi luso lochita bwino kwambiri. Kupanikizika kwa manifold ndi ubale wa RPM mu propeller system yothamanga nthawi zonse sikophweka, ndipo zotsatira zake zogwiritsa ntchito molakwika, kuyambira propeller overspeed mpaka kuphulika pansi pa ntchito zosafunikira kwenikweni, sizikhululukira. Aphunzitsi omwe amafulumizitsa ophunzira kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna pa nthawi yokonzekera akuwononga ntchito zomwe sizingachitike mpaka nthawi yogwira ntchito yambiri mu IMC yeniyeni kapena ntchito yaufupi pabwalo la ndege lokwera kwambiri.

Njira yolakwika yomwe imadziwika kwambiri si kusowa luso logwiritsa ntchito ndodo ndi chiwongolero. Ndi kulephera kuphunzira momwe magetsi amayendera ndege isanayambe ulendo woyamba. Oyendetsa ndege omwe amayendetsa ndege zokhazikika sanayambe aganizapo za RPM ya propeller ngati njira yowongolera yosiyana. Kusiyana kwa chidziwitso kumeneko kuyenera kutsekedwa pansi, osati kupezeka mlengalenga.

Kuletsa kuvomereza ndi njira yoyenera pamene wophunzira angathe kuchita zinthu mwanzeru koma sangathe kufotokoza bwino mfundo zomwe zili kumbuyo kwake. Kudziwa bwino ntchito yake pansi pa mavuto kumafuna zonse ziwiri. Kuvomereza kuyenera kuyimira kukonzekera kwenikweni, osati maola olembedwa.

Florida Flyers Flight Academy: sitepe yanu yotsatira kuti mukhale ndi luso lapamwamba

Florida Flyers Flight Academy imapereka njira imodzi yolunjika kwambiri kuyambira pa maphunziro ovomerezeka mpaka satifiketi yamalonda yomwe ilipo ku United States. Maphunziro a pansi pa sukuluyi amakhudza zofunikira zonse za 14 CFR 61.31(f) ndi kuzama komweko komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapulogalamu ake amalonda ndi ATP, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ndege zoyenerera kumatanthauza kuti simukuyembekezera kupezeka kwa ndege kuti zipite patsogolo. Ndi Self Examining Authority, maulendo oyendera mkati mwa nyumba amachitika pa nthawi yanu, osati kalendala ya DPE.

Njira zopezera ndalama zilipo kwa ophunzira akunyumba ndi ophunzira ochokera kumayiko ena omwe akufuna thandizo la visa ya M1. Kaya mukuwonjezera chiphaso chapamwamba ngati chiyeneretso chodziyimira pawokha kapena kuchiphatikiza mu pulogalamu yonse yophunzitsira zamalonda, njira yokonzedwa bwino ya sukuluyi imasunga yanu kulembetsa maphunziro a pandege pa nthawi yeniyeni yokhala ndi ndalama zowonekera bwino. Lumikizanani ndi Florida Flyers Flight Academy lero kuti mulandire chiyerekezo cha kulembetsa kwanu kutengera maola omwe muli nawo pa logbook yanu komanso zolinga zanu zophunzitsira.

Magwero ovomerezeka ndi kuwerenga kwina

Zinthu zotsatirazi zikuthandizira malangizo oyendetsera ndi othandiza omwe ali m'nkhaniyi. Maumboni onse amagwira ntchito ku malamulo aku US ndi maphunziro oyendetsa ndege aku US okha.

• 14 CFR § 61.31 — Zofunikira pakuyesa mtundu, maphunziro owonjezera, ndi zofunikira pakuvomereza. | Code Electronic of Federal Regulations (e-CFR) | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
• eCFR :: 14 CFR 61.31 – Zofunikira pakuyesa mtundu, maphunziro owonjezera, ndi zofunikira pakuvomereza. (FAR 61.31)
• faa.gov
• govinfo.gov
• ecfr.gov

Kuti mutsimikizire mphamvu ya injini ya ndege inayake, pitani ku database ya TCDS ya pa intaneti ya FAA pa rgl.faa.gov kapena funsani POH ya ndegeyo mwachindunji. Mapepala a Deta a Type Certificate ndi gwero lovomerezeka la zofunikira za injini zomwe zayikidwa ndipo zimalowa m'malo mwa mafotokozedwe aliwonse amitundu.