Adilesi Yotumizira Oyendetsa ndege akunja a FAA
FAA Advisory Circular AC3-1 kwa oyendetsa ndege akunja. Oyendetsa ndege ayenera kusunga mauthenga awo ndi Federal Aviation Administration. Ichi ndi chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza oyendetsa ndege onse ovomerezeka. FAA's Advisory Circular AC3-1 imatsogolera oyendetsa ndege za zomwe amafunikira ma adilesi ndikuwauza momwe angasinthire ma adilesi awo. Oyendetsa ndege tifunika chikalatachi kuti chikhale chotsatira malamulo a federal ndege.
Wopereka Utumiki ku USA FAA Advisory Circular AC3-1
FAA Mail Forwarding Services ikupereka ntchito ngati adilesi yamakalata ndi wolandila kwa onse a FAA Mail kwa oyendetsa ndege akunja.
Onani https://faamailforwarding.com
Tsamba la upangiri lili ndi zofunikira zatsatanetsatane za ma adilesi otumizira ziphaso zoyendetsa. Zimaphatikizanso malamulo apadera kwa oyendetsa ndege omwe ali ndi ma adilesi akunja. Oyendetsa ndege amatha kudziwa chilichonse chokhudza kusankhidwa kwa wothandizila waku US komanso ngati akufunika kusintha zambiri. Chikalatachi chikufotokoza momwe mungasungire zolemba zolondola kudzera mudongosolo la US Agent Service. Malangizowa amathandiza oyendetsa ndege kuteteza ziphaso zawo ndikusunga njira zawo zoyankhulirana zotseguka ndi oyang'anira ndege.
Cholinga ndi Kuchuluka kwa AC3-1
Federal Aviation Administration's Advisory Circular System ndiye magazi amoyo omwe amapereka chitsogozo ku gulu la ndege. [1]. Zolemba zathunthu izi zimapereka chidziwitso kwa oyendetsa ndege, amakanika, oyang'anira ma eyapoti, ndi opanga [2].
Tanthauzo la Advisory Circular
Ma Advisory Circulars amagwira ntchito ngati njira yachangu ya FAA yoperekera zinthu zosagwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndege. [1]. Zolemba izi zimagwira ntchito zingapo zofunika:
- Perekani njira zovomerezeka zotsatiridwa ndi malamulo
- Kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera ndege
- Konzani kusamvetsetsana kwa malamulo
- Thandizani kukhazikitsidwa koyenera kwa malamulo
- Thandizani kugwirizanitsa miyezo ya mayiko oyendetsa ndege [1]
Ma Advisory Circulars amapanga miyezo ya de facto yomwe imapanga machitidwe oyendetsa ndege, ngakhale amakhalabe odziwitsa m'malo mowongolera [1]. Bungwe la FAA limagwiritsa ntchito zozungulira izi kufotokoza zofunikira ngati malamulo akuwoneka kuti sakumveka bwino, zomwe zimatsimikizira kutanthauzira kwanthawi zonse kwa gawo la ndege. [2].
Kufunika kwa oyendetsa ndege okhala ndi ma adilesi akunja
AC3-1 ikufotokoza zofunikira ngati muli ndi ma adilesi akunja ndikugwira kapena kufunsira satifiketi za FAA, mavoti, kapena zilolezo [3]. Oyendetsa ndege ayenera kusankha othandizira aku US kuti alandire zikalata za FAA, zomwe zimapanga njira zolumikizirana zodalirika [3]. Dongosololi limapereka njira yabwino yoperekera ndalama zoperekera zikalata zofunikira pachitetezo komanso zosafunikira nthawi kwa oyendetsa ndege omwe amakhala kunja [3].
Malamulo ofunikira (14 CFR zigawo 3.301-3.303)
Malamulo a AC3-1 amakhazikitsa ma protocol omveka bwino okhudzana ndi kutumiza zikalata komanso zofunikira pazidziwitso zamalamulo. Zambiri mwa malamulowa zikunena kuti ma adilesi anthawi zonse amabokosi amakalata sangakwaniritse zofunikira. Oyendetsa ndege ayenera kupereka adiresi yake ndi woyimilira wosankhidwa mwalamulo [3]. Izi zipereka njira yothanirana ndi zidziwitso zokhala ndi nthawi, popeza wosankhidwa waku US atha kulandira ndi kuvomereza zikalata zotere. [3].
Zofunikira izi zimathetsa zovuta zingapo zogwirira ntchito:
- Imathetsa kuchedwa kwa kutumiza zolemba zapadziko lonse lapansi
- Amachepetsa zovuta zopezeka popereka zidziwitso zamalamulo
- Imawongolera kulumikizana pakati pa FAA ndi omwe ali ndi satifiketi
- Imakhazikitsa nthawi zomveka bwino zoyankhira mayankho [3]
Wothandizira US Pazofunikira Zantchito
Federal Aviation Administration yakhazikitsa malangizo athunthu okhudza njira zoyankhulirana zovomerezeka ndi omwe ali ndi satifiketi omwe amakhala kunja kwa United States. Zofunikira zatsopanozi zimakhudza akatswiri ambiri oyendetsa ndege kuposa momwe amayembekezera poyamba.
Yemwe akufunika kusankha wothandizila waku US
Nzika zaku US zomwe zikukhala kunja ziyenera kusankha nthumwi yaku US, pamodzi ndi oyendetsa ndege akunja [4]. Chofunikirachi chikuphatikiza asitikali ndi ogwira ntchito m'boma omwe ali kutsidya kwa nyanja. Aliyense amene ali ndi kapena kulembetsa satifiketi popanda adilesi yaku US amafunikira wothandizira kuti alandire zikalata za FAA [5]. Lamuloli limakhudza omwe ali ndi satifiketi ndi olembetsa pansi pa magawo angapo a Code of Federal Regulations, monga magawo 47, 61, 63, 65, 67, ndi 107 [6].
Zoyenera kuchita kwa othandizira aku US
Zofunikira za FAA zazaka 15 za othandizira aku US zimafunikira:
- Bungwe kapena wamkulu wazaka 18 kapena kupitilira apo
- Adilesi yaku US yomwe ilibe ntchito zamabokosi
- Kutha kulandira ndi kuvomereza zikalata zamalamulo
- Wabanja kapena mnzako yemwe amakhala ku US [3]
Anthu omwe alibe kulumikizana ndi US amatha kulemba ntchito akatswiri omwe amawononga ndalama zambiri $ 150.00 kwa $ 300.00 chaka ndi chaka [4].
Udindo wa othandizira aku US
Othandizira aku US amakhala ngati malo olumikizirana ndi FAA. Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndi:
- Kulandila Ntchito Zolemba za FAA
- Landirani zikalata zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo
- Gwirani ntchito ndi mauthenga omwe amatenga nthawi
- Lembani malisiti onse moyenera [3]
- Maofesi Oyang'anira Zidziwitso akuyenera kusungitsa zolumikizanazi ndi zaposachedwa:
- Adilesi
- Imelo adilesi
- Njira zolumikizirana (fax ndi telefoni) [6]
FAA imagwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe kameneka kuti ipereke zikalata zofunikira pachitetezo komanso zosunga nthawi mwachangu komanso mwadongosolo la bajeti [3]. Udindo wa wothandizira ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri kuti njira zoyankhulirana zikhale zotseguka pakati pa FAA ndi omwe ali ndi ziphaso omwe amakhala kunja. Omwe ali ndi ziphaso ayenera kupereka zambiri kudzera mu dongosolo la Civil Aviation Registry Electronic Services (CARES) panthawi yomwe amasankha wothandizira. [6].
FAA imafunikira zambiri kuti izindikire ndikulumikiza omwe ali ndi satifiketi ndi othandizira awo. Izi zili ndi dzina lazamalamulo la mwini satifiketi, adilesi ya imelo, komwe ali, ndi adilesi yamakalata [6]. Mtundu uliwonse wa ziphaso umafunika zambiri - gawo 47 omwe ali ndi satifiketi ayenera kupereka manambala olembetsa ndege ndipo airmen amafunikira ziphaso zachipatala. [6].
Kupanga Wothandizira US
Zofunikira za FAA za ku US zimafuna kuti pakhale ndondomeko. Omwe ali ndi ziphaso amatsimikizira ndikusonkhanitsa zidziwitso kudzera pamapulatifomu otsimikizika a digito. Kusankhidwa kwawo kwa wothandizira kuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse kudzera mu ndondomeko zinazake.
Zofunikira pakusankhidwa
FAA imafunikira chidziwitso chonse kuchokera kwa omwe ali ndi ziphaso ndi othandizira awo aku US. Omwe ali ndi ziphaso ayenera kupereka izi:
- Dzina lalamulo lonse ndi imelo adilesi
- Malo okhala ndi adilesi yamakalata
- Nambala ya satifiketi ndi nambala yotsatirira ya FAA (FTN)
- Tsiku lobadwa ndi chiphaso chachipatala (cha airmen)
- Zambiri zolembetsa ndege (zagawo 47 okhala ndi satifiketi) [6]
Othandizira aku US akuyenera kupereka izi:
- Dzina lonse lalamulo ndi chitsimikiziro cha munthu wamkulu (18 kapena kuposerapo)
- Adilesi yaku US (osati bokosi la PO)
- Imelo adilesi ndi mauthenga [6]
Chitsogozo chatsatane-tsatane chogwiritsa ntchito USAS
Makina a Civil Aviation Registry Electronic Services (CARES) ndiye nsanja yayikulu yotchulira nthumwi zaku US. Omwe ali ndi ziphaso ayenera kutsatira izi:
- Pezani dongosolo la CARES kudzera pa FAA portal
- Lowetsani chidziwitso chanu
- Perekani zambiri za wothandizira waku US ndi zolemba
- Tumizani chiphaso chamagetsi
- Tsimikizirani kumaliza kutumizira [6]
Omwe ali ndi satifiketi yolembetsa ndege akuyenera kuphatikiza kapangidwe ka ndege, mtundu, ndi nambala ya serial pakutumiza [6]. Dongosolo la FAA limayang'ana zonse zomwe zalowetsedwa motsutsana ndi zolemba zomwe zilipo kuti zitsimikizire kulondola komanso kukwanira.
Njira yotsimikizira
Njira zingapo zotsimikizira zimatsimikizira kutsata zofunikira za FAA. Dongosololi limatsimikizira kuti osankhidwa amakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse ndipo ali ndi adilesi yaku US kuti alandire zikalata zamalamulo [3].
FAA imagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuthandiza kutumiza mwachangu komanso mwachuma zikalata zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo [6]. Pambuyo potsimikizira, makinawa amatsimikizira kusankhidwa kwa wothandizira ndikupanga njira yolumikizirana pakati pa FAA ndi omwe ali ndi satifiketi kudzera mwa wothandizira wawo waku US.
Satifiketi ya Airmen imafunikira njira zowonjezera zotsimikizira zachipatala komanso manambala otsata ndege [6]. Dongosololi limasunga zolemba zonse zosankhidwa ndi zosintha kuti apange mwatsatanetsatane zolemba zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zamalamulo.
Omwe ali ndi ziphaso ayenera kusunga zonse zomwe atumizidwa molondola komanso zaposachedwa. Dongosolo la CARES limalola ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha ndikusintha zidziwitso zikafunika. Kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kutsata njira zotsimikizira zofananira kuti muteteze kukhulupirika kwa wothandizila [6].
Kusunga ndi Kusintha Chidziwitso cha Wothandizira US
Othandizira aku US ayenera kusunga zidziwitso zawo molingana ndi nthawi ndi machitidwe a FAA. Omwe ali ndi ziphaso amayenera kutsatira ma protocol awa kuti asagwirizane ndi zowongolera.
Nthawi yosinthira zidziwitso
Omwe ali ndi ziphaso za FAA ayenera kusintha ma adilesi awo mkati masiku 30 zikasintha [7]. Lamuloli limakhudzanso ma adilesi anyumba ndi makalata. Omwe ali ndi ziphaso amatha kugwiritsa ntchito satifiketi yawo ya FAA popanda kuwonetsa adilesi yomwe yasinthidwa [7]. Komabe, ayenera kusunga zolemba zawo molondola mu dongosolo.
Zofunikira pakusintha adilesi ya FAA ndi:
- Adilesi yonse yokhalamo (PO Box silololedwa)
- Chotsani mayendedwe mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira zakumidzi kapena ma adilesi otumizira ambiri
- Ma adilesi okhala ndi makalata mukamagwiritsa ntchito PO Box potumiza makalata [7]
Njira yosinthira dzina la wothandizila waku US
Omwe ali ndi ziphaso amatha kusintha zambiri zawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zazikulu ziwiri:
- Zosintha Zadongosolo Paintaneti
- Lowani mu Civil Aviation Registry Electronic Services (CARES)
- Lowetsani zambiri zanu
- Sinthani zambiri za wothandizira
- Tumizani chitsimikiziro chamagetsi [6]
- Chidziwitso Cholembedwa
- Tumizani Fomu AC 8060-55 (Chidziwitso Chakusintha kwa Adilesi)
- Phatikizani dzina, tsiku lobadwa, ndi nambala ya satifiketi
- Perekani zambiri za adilesi yatsopano
- Lipirani chindapusa cha USD 2.00 kuti mulandire satifiketi yosinthidwa (ngati ikufunika) [7]
Zosintha m'kaundula wa mapologalamu enaake zimafuna kusinthidwa pompopompo ku:
- Dzina Lakampani
- Nambala ya chiphaso
- Zambiri zamalumikizidwe
- Lembani malo osungira
- Magawo achitetezo okhudzidwa ndi chitetezo [8]
Zotsatira za chidziwitso chachikale
Bungwe la Enforcement Division lili ndi mphamvu zoletsa anthu omwe ali ndi ziphaso zosagwirizana ndi malamulo [9]. Zochita izi zingaphatikizepo:
- Kuyimitsidwa kwa satifiketi kwa nthawi yokhazikika
- Kuyimitsidwa kosatha kudikirira kutsatiridwa
- Kuchotsedwa kwa satifiketi mu milandu yoopsa
- Zilango zapachiweniweni kuyambira USD 1,100 mpaka USD 27,500 [9]
Ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito ya FAA imapereka mwayi wothetsera mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosalongosoka ndi kuthetsa. Omwe ali ndi ziphaso atha kupita kumsonkhano wosakhazikika ndi maloya a FAA [9]. Akhoza kupereka umboni wochepetsera zilango ndikugwira ntchito kuti athetse vutoli popanda kutsutsa milandu yonse [9].
Omwe ali ndi ziphaso omwe akufuna kupikisana nawo kapena kukonza zomwe akudziwa ayenera kutumiza zolembera ku Federal Aviation Administration Privacy Office. Pempho liyenera kukhala:
- Dzina lathunthu
- Adilesi yapano
- Zambiri zamalumikizidwe
- Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zolemba zomwe zimafuna kuwongolera
- Malo osungira (ngati akudziwika) [6]
FAA imagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi kusunga zolemba zolondola zomwe zimagwirizanitsa omwe ali ndi satifiketi ndi othandizira awo aku US [6]. Dongosololi limathandizira kutumiza zikalata moyenera ndikusunga kutsata malamulo mwamphamvu munthawi yonse ya ziphaso.
Zotsatira za Kusamvera
Kusatsatira malamulo a FAA kumayambitsa njira yolimbikitsira yomwe imasunga miyezo yachitetezo chandege. FAA imagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lomveka bwino lomwe lili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolimbikitsira kuthana ndi zophwanya malamulo.
Amene Ali ndi Zikalata Pano
Gawo lachitetezo cha FAA likuchitapo kanthu mwalamulo kudzera munjira zingapo motsutsana ndi omwe ali ndi satifiketi omwe amalephera kutsatira. Zochita za satifiketi zitha kupangitsa:
- Kuyimitsidwa kwanthawi yokhazikika kwa ophwanya malamulo
- Kuyimitsidwa kosatha mpaka kuyenerera kuwonetsedwe
- Kuchotsedwa kwa satifiketi ngati eni ake akulephera kukwaniritsa miyezo
- Zilango zapakati pa USD 1,100 ndi USD 27,500 pakuphwanya [9]
Kuphwanya ndi zida zowopsa kumatha kubweretsa zilango za FAA mpaka USD 30,000 pakuphwanya [9]. Bungweli litha kuwunika zilango za anthu mpaka USD 400,000 motsutsana ndi mabungwe pomwe mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi anthu pawokha akukumana ndi zilango zazikulu za USD 50,000. [9].
New Applicants Guide
Kachitidwe ka certification kumapangitsa ofunsira atsopano kuti awunikenso mosamala. Gulu la FAA's Risk-Based Decision Making (RBDM) limagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsedwa ndi data kuti ziwone zoopsa zomwe zingachitike. [10]. Dongosololi limayesa:
| | Muyeso Wowunika | Zokhudza Kugwiritsa Ntchito | |————————————————| | | Kusanthula kwa Chitetezo | Imazindikiritsa zoopsa zomwe zikubwera | | | Mbiri Yotsatira | Imakhudza kukonza mapulogalamu | | | Kuwunika Ngozi | Imatsimikizira kuyenerera kwa certification | | | Ndondomeko Zachitetezo | Imakhudza zisankho zovomerezeka |
Mabwalo a ndege, oyendetsa ndege, ndi mabungwe akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu powulula zoopsa zachitetezo ndikuyika njira zodzitetezera. [10]. Olembera atsopano ayenera kuwonetsa kuti akudziwa momwe angawonere ndikukonza zovuta zomwe zingachitike asanakhale zochitika kapena ngozi.
Zomwe zingakhudze mwayi woyendetsa ndege
Kusatsatira kungakuwonongerani ndalama zambiri kuposa ndalama zokha - zitha kusokoneza mwayi wanu wowuluka. FAA ikuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi omwe ali ndi satifiketi omwe:
- Kusafuna kapena Kulephera Kutsatira
- Yang'anani ndi kukakamiza anthu kuchitapo kanthu m'malo motsatira malamulo [11]
- Kuyimitsidwa kapena kuchotsedwa kwa satifiketi yangozi [11]
- Zofunikira Zopereka Satifiketi
- Ayenera kudzipereka mwamsanga pambuyo polamula mwadzidzidzi [11]
- Ayenera kutsatira zigamulo za Administrative Law Judge [11]
- Yang'anani ndi zilango zapachiweniweni ngati mwalephera kupereka ziphaso, kuyambira USD 1,414 mpaka USD 32,140 patsiku. [11]
FAA silola khalidwe ladala kapena losasamala [10]. Oyendetsa ndege amene mwadala amapatuka ku malamulo kapena kupanga ziwopsezo zazikulu zachitetezo sangayenerere kuchitapo kanthu pa Compliance Action [10]. Chitetezo chimabwera poyamba - bungwe limagwira ntchito kuti liwone mavuto mu National Airspace System ngozi zisanachitike [10].
Omenyera nkhondo omwe akufufuzidwa atha kupeŵa kutsata malamulo pamikhalidwe inayake. Iwo ayenera:
- Tumizani pulogalamu yatsopano mkati mwanthawi zoikika
- Kuwululira kwathunthu zolemala zawo za VA
- Nenani zachipatala moona mtima [12]
Pulogalamu yokakamiza imayang'anira zophwanya malamulo zomwe zimaphatikizapo kusokonezedwa kwa ogwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zilango za boma m'malo mochita zowongolera. [12]. Malamulowa amagwira ntchito pamalamulo angapo kuphatikiza 14 CFR 91.11, 121.580, 125.328, ndi 135.120 [12].
FAA imakhulupirira kugawana zidziwitso poyera kuti mumvetsetse bwino zachitetezo [10]. Bungweli lidzachitapo kanthu ngati pakufunika kutero:
- Kuyimitsidwa kwa ziphaso
- Zilango zapachiweniweni
- Zochita zokakamiza malamulo [10]
Njira yophatikizikayi imathandiza omwe ali ndi ziphaso kukhalabe ndi miyezo yapamwamba yachitetezo pomwe akupereka mwayi wokonza zovuta. Dongosololi limalinganiza kukakamiza ndi kuwongolera chitetezo ndipo limayang'ana kwambiri kupeza ndi kukonza zoopsa zisanakhale zochitika zachitetezo.
Kutsiliza
Malamulo a FAA amafuna kuti oyendetsa ndege azisunga maadiresi awo otumizira makalata molondola komanso kusunga mayina oyenera a maojenti aku US. Advisory Circular AC3-1 imapereka ndondomeko zatsatanetsatane zoyendetsera maadiresi, makamaka pamene omwe ali ndi satifiketi amakhala kunja. Ndondomekozi zimathandiza oyendetsa ndege kuteteza ziphaso zawo ndikukhazikitsa njira zolumikizirana zodalirika pakati pa oyang'anira ndege ndi omwe ali ndi ziphaso kudzera mwa othandizira awo aku US.
Oyendetsa ndege akuyenera kumvetsetsa kuti kusatsata malamulo kungachititse kuti munthu alandire ziphaso ndi zilango zachiwembu. Services ngati faamailforwarding.com akhoza kutsogolera oyendetsa mwa zofunika izi. Dongosolo la CARES limalola oyendetsa ndege kuyang'anira ndikusintha zidziwitso zawo, zomwe zimateteza mwayi wawo wogwirira ntchito ndikuwathandiza kuti azilumikizana ndi gulu la ndege.
Ibibazo
- Kodi ndi nthawi yanji yodziwitsa FAA za kusintha kwa adilesi?
- Omwe ali ndi ziphaso za FAA ayenera kusintha ma adilesi awo mkati mwa masiku 30 atasamukira ku adilesi yatsopano. Dziwani kuti satifiketi yosinthidwa sidzaperekedwa pambuyo pakusintha adilesi.
- Kodi ndingasinthire bwanji adilesi yanga pa satifiketi yanga yachipatala ya FAA?
- Kuti musinthe adilesi yanu pa satifiketi yachipatala ya FAA, chonde pitani patsamba la Airmen Certification. Zosintha zokhudzana ndi satifiketi yanu yolembetsa ndege, pitani patsamba lolembetsa ndege.
- Kodi ma circular alangizi a FAA ndi ofunikira?
- Zolemba zaupangiri za FAA zimagwira ntchito ngati zilolezo zazidziwitso zokhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe sizimayendetsedwa ndi gulu la ndege ndipo si malamulo okakamiza.
- Kodi mwini satifiketi ayenera kunena kuti zakusintha kwa adilesi yokhazikika ku FAA?
- Zosintha zama adilesi okhazikika zitha kuwonetsedwa ku FAA kudzera pa US Mail kapena pa intaneti. Ngati mwasankha kutumiza makalata, tumizani chidziwitso ku FAA, Airman Certification Branch, PO Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. ## References [1] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisoryzozungulira [2] - https://otwsafety.com/applications/advisory-circulars-and-the-faa/ [3] - https://www.euroga.org/forums/flying/15039-faa-nprm-for -us-agent-for-individuals-with-foreign-address [4] - https://www.pilotsofamerica.com/community/threads/proposed-rule-agent-for-service.143985/ [5] - https: //www.faa.gov/regulationsndondomeko/upangiricirculars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1042728 [6] – https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2023-08/Privacy%20-%20FAA%20-%20PIA%20-%20NPRM%20US%20Agent%20-%202023Chithunzi cha 0
[7] - https://www.faa.gov/licensessatifiketi / airmencertification/kusinthaadilesi [8] - https://www.faa.gov/faq/when-am-i-required-update-my-program-registration-letter-authorization-loa-or-operations [9] - https:// www.faa.gov/about/officeorg/likulumaofesi/agc/practicemagawo / kukakamiza / kukakamizazochita [10] - https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/cp [11] - https://shackelford.law/news-aviation/what-happens-to-a-certificate-when-the- faa-suspends-or-revokes-it/ [12] - https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/FAAOrder2150.3CndikusinthaChithunzi cha 1-11.pdf