Te Mahi a te DME: Te Aratohu a te Pairati ki ngā Taputapu Ine Tawhiti

Ko te pātai e puta ake ana i roto i te akoranga DME tuatahi a ia ākonga pūoro he tino māmā noa iho: me pēhea te mōhio o te pouaka i roto i te panera ki te tawhiti o tō teihana i runga i te whenua? Ehara te whakautu i te makutu, i ngā tohu amiorangi rānei. He kēmu wā reo irirangi tika kua mahi pono mai i te tekau tau atu i 1940.

Ko te nuinga o ngā whakamārama ka pekehia te wāhanga tino nui ki te pailate i roto i te kokopiti. Ka whakaahuahia te ariā me te kore e hono ki te mea e whakaatuhia ana e te whakaaturanga DME, he kino ake rānei, ka huna i te raruraru whānuitanga whakarara ka taea te whakapohehe i a koe i te huarahi. Ko te mārama ki te mahi a te DME ko te mārama ki te wā paoro huatau me te mahanga āhuahanga e hopu ana i ngā pailate e whakaaro ana ki te pānui hei tawhiti whenua.

Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te huringa uiui reo irirangi, te āhua o te whānuitanga o te awhe e tika ana kia whakaarohia e ia pailate, me te āhua o te hononga o te DME me ngā auau VOR me te ILS hei hoatu i ngā mōhiohio tūranga ka taea e koe te whakawhirinaki. Hei te mutunga, ka mōhio koe ki te tikanga o taua pānui DME me te wā e pātai ai.

Te Pāorooro Reo Irirangi e Ine ana i te Tawhiti

E whakaaro ana te nuinga o ngā pailate ko te mahi a te DME mā te ine i te roa o te haere a te pāorooro kotahi ki te teihana whenua me te hoki mai. He tika ake, he whakamere ake te tikanga tūturu i tā te pikitia ngāwari e kī ana.

Ka tukuna e te pūwhakapāho DME o te waka rererangi he rerenga o ngā takirua pātere i runga i tētahi auau motuhake i roto i te 960 – 1215 MHz roopuKa whiwhi te teihana whenua i ēnei pāorooro, ā, i muri i te whakaroa 50-maikorohekona kua whakaritea, ka tukuna atu e ia tana ake takirua pāorooro i runga i tētahi auau rerekē. Ko taua whakaroa āta whakaarohia te mea nui. Ki te kore, kāore e taea e te rorohiko o runga te wehewehe i te whakautu a te teihana whenua mai i te haruru reo irirangi matapōkere, i ngā whakaata rānei.

Ka ine te kaiwhiwhi i te roanga o te haerenga hoki-mai i te tuku ki te whiwhinga. Ka tangohia te whakaroa o te teihana whenua 50-maikorohekona e mōhiotia ana, kātahi ka wehea te wā e toe ana ki te rua. Ko te hua ko te wā haere kotahi-ara, e huri tika ana ki te tawhiti i te tere o te mārama.

E rau ngā wā e tāruaruatia ana tēnei tukanga i ia hekona. Ka whakatauritea e te rorohiko DME ēnei inenga hei whakaputa i tētahi pānui tawhiti pumau, e whakahoutia ana. He tere rawa te pūnaha kia kite ai te pailate i tētahi tau tonu, ehara i te raupapa o ngā tataunga motuhake.

Ko te huatau o tēnei hoahoa ko te mahi a te waka rererangi i ngā pāngarau. Ka whakarongo noa te teihana whenua, ka whakautu. Ko te tikanga o taua kore taurite ka taea e ngā taputapu whenua te mahi ki ngā waka rererangi mutunga kore i te wā kotahi, ia waka rererangi e tatau motuhake ana i tōna ake tawhiti.

He aha te Hiranga o te Awhe Piko i te Tawhiti Whenua

He teka te tawhiti e whakaaturia ana i runga i tō DME, ehara rānei i te pono e whakaarohia ana e te nuinga o ngā pailate. Ko taua tau te rārangi whakarara i waenganui i tō waka rererangi me te teihana whenua, ehara i te tawhiti whakapae puta noa i te mata o te whenua.

He mea nui tēnei rerekētanga ina iti rawa te hiranga. I te teitei me te teihana tawhiti, he iti noa te rerekētanga i waenga i te whānuitanga o te piko me te tawhiti whenua. Engari ina tata mai, inā koa i te whakatata atu, ka nui haere te hapa.

Whakaarohia he pānui DME e rima maero i a koe e tekau mano putu i runga ake i te taumata whenua. He tapatoru matau te āhua: ko te teitei he waewae kotahi, ko te tawhiti whenua ko tetahi atu, ā, ko te pānui DME ko te hypotenuse. Ko te tikanga o taua whānuitanga whakarara e rima maero ko te tawhiti whenua tuturu he tata atu ki te whā maero me te hawhe. Ka teitei ake koe, ka nui ake te kitea o te hapa.

Koia te take e whakaatu ai ngā pereti whakatata i ngā whakaritenga tawhiti DME me ngā here teitei. Ko te tikanga e hiahia ana kia DME i tētahi pūmautanga, e whakaaro ana kei tētahi teitei motuhake koe. Mena kei te teitei ake koe i te teitei i hoahoahia e te tikanga, ka tae koe ki te tawhiti DME i mua i tō taenga ki te tūranga whenua e rite ana. Ko ngā pūwāhi whakatata me ngā whakatikatika hekenga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mārama ki tēnei whanaungatanga.

te Pukatuhi CFI i runga i te DME e whakamārama ana i te āhuahanga, engari ko te akoranga tūturu i ahu mai i te rere i te huarahi whakatata. Whakawhirinaki ki te pānui DME mō te wā me te raupapatanga, engari me tirotiro tonu ki tō teitei me te hoahoa tukanga. Ka taea te matapae me te whakahaere i te hapa whānuitanga whakarara, engari ko te kore aro ki a ia ehara i te mea.

Te Hononga o te DME ki ngā Auautanga VOR me te ILS

Ehara te hononga i waenga i te DME me ētahi atu āwhina whakatere i te āhuatanga whai hua, engari he rautaki whakahaere auau āta whakaarohia hei ārai i te kore e taea te whakamahi i te whānuitanga reo irirangi. Ina whiriwhiria e te pailate he auau VOR, he auau ILS rānei, ka whakahāngai aunoa te kaiwhiwhi DME ki tētahi hongere e rite ana, me te kore he mahi tāpiri. Ka puta tēnei nā te mea ka tohaina e te FAA ngā hongere DME motuhake ki ngā auau VOR me ILS motuhake, ka hangaia he whanaungatanga takitahi e whakakore ana i te hiahia mō te whakahāngai motuhake.

Kei te tata tonu te noho tahi o ngā taputapu DME me ngā teihana whenua VOR, ILS rānei. Ka tukuna e te VOR, e te ILS rānei tana tohu whakatere mā te VHF, ko te DME ia e mahi ana i te roopu UHF. Ka mahi te hononga nā te mea i ahu mai ngā tohu e rua i te wāhi tūturu kotahi, nō reira ko te tawhiti i inehia e te DME e rite ana ki ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te ara whāriki, ki te ara reti rānei mai i te navaid kua takirua.

Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha ngā whakaritenga hongere X me Y hei ārai i te pokanoa i waenga i ngā teihana takirua e mahi ana i runga i te auau kotahi. Ka whakamahia e ngā hongere X he mokowā pāoro motuhake, ko ngā hongere Y ia ka whakamahia he mokowā rerekē. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā teihana DME maha te tohatoha i te auau kotahi me te kore e whakapoauau i te kaiwhiwhi o te waka rererangi. E mōhio ana te kaiuiui waka rererangi ko tēhea hongere kua tīpakohia e ia, ā, ka whakarongo noa ki ngā pāoro whakautu me te mokowā tika.

Nā tēnei hononga i homai aunoa ai ngā mōhiohio tawhiti mō te whakatata atu mā te whakahāngai i te auau ILS. Kua whakauruhia te hongere DME ki roto i te tautapa auau ILS. Kāore e hiahiatia kia whakaarohia e ngā pailate, ka whakahaerea pukutia te hononga e te pūnaha. Engari he mea nui te mārama ki te tikanga ina rapu raruraru ana i te pānui DME ngaro, ina rere rānei ki te wāhi rangi kei reira te DME e whakakorehia ana.

Mō te tirohanga hohonu atu ki te pēhea Ngā mahi tautapa hongere DME Mō ngā momo Navaid rerekē, e whakaatu ana ngā tuhinga hangarau i ngā hononga auau tika e whakahaere ana i tēnei pūnaha.

Ngā mea ka puta ina whakaōrite koe i te auautanga ILS

Ina waea atu koe ki te auau ILS, ka whakahohe te uira DME i roto i tō papatohu, kāore he tāurunga tāpiri. Mā tēnei hononga aunoa ka taea te whakahaere i te rere o te taputapu, ka whakaohohia e te kōwhiringa auau kotahi te aratohu ā-rohe me te pānui tawhiti e tautuhi ana i ia taahiraa o te huarahi.

Whakarerekētia te auau ILS ki te reo irirangi whakatere

Kua honoa te hongere DME ki taua auau VHF mā te pūnaha takirua kua whakamāramahia i mua ake nei. Kāore e hiahiatia he tāurunga auau DME motuhake. Ka tīmata tonu te kaiwhiwhi ki te rapu i te teihana whenua e rite ana i runga i tana hongere UHF takirua.

Ka maukati te kaiwhiwhi DME ki te hongere takirua

Ka puta tēnei i roto i ngā hēkona. Ka tīmata te kaiuiui o te waka rererangi ki te tuku i ngā takirua pātere ki te hongere kua tohua i a ia e whakarongo ana ki te whakautu a te teihana whenua. Mena kei roto te teihana i te whānuitanga, ā, he mārama te tirohanga, ka puta aunoa te raka.

Ka whakautu te teihana whenua me ngā takirua pātere

I muri i te whakaroa 50-maikorohekona kua whakaritea, ka tukuna e te transponder whenua ngā takirua pātere i runga i te auau e 63 MHz te rerekētanga mai i te auau pātai. Ka tautuhia ēnei e te kaiwhiwhi o te waka rererangi hei whakautu tika mā te taurite i te mokowā me te wā pātere.

Ka tatau te waka rererangi i te tawhiti, ā, ka whakaaturia

Ka tangohia e te rorohiko o runga te whakaroa whenua e mōhiotia ana mai i te roanga o te haerenga hoki-mai, ka wehea kia rua, ka hurihia te hua ki ngā maero moana. Ka puta taua tau ki te tohu DME, ka hipokina rānei ki te HSI. Ka tautuhia e koe te pūwāhi whakatata i ngaro mā te titiro ki te wāhi e huri ai te rārangi mātotoru hei rārangi pītiti i te tirohanga kōtaha, tirohanga mahere rānei i runga i te pereti whakatata.

Ko tēnei raupapa katoa, mai i te whakaurunga auau ki te pānui tawhiti pumau, he iti ake te wā e pau ana i te pānui i tēnei paraka. Ko te aunoatanga te kaupapa. Ka wātea koe ki te arotahi ki te huarahi ake, kaua ki te whakahaere i ngā pūtake whakatere motuhake.

Ngā Here e tika ana kia mōhiotia e ngā pailate katoa

He taputapu pono te DME, engari he uaua ngā herenga ā-tinana, ā-whakahaere hoki, me mātua mōhio ngā pailate katoa i mua i te whakawhirinaki ki te pānui i ngā wāhanga tino nui o te rere. Ko te hapa tino morearea ko te whakaaro ki te whakaaturanga tawhiti hei pono tuturu, me te kore e mārama ki ngā mea ka taea te whakapohehe.

• Ka āraia te whiwhinga i te teitei iti i muri i te whenua nā te hiahia tirohanga-ā-rārangi
• Ka piki ake te hapa o te awhe piko me te teitei, ka nui rawa te tawhiti o te whenua
• Ka taea e te pupūtanga o te auau i roto i te wāhi hau pukumahi te whakararuraru i te pā o te manawa
• Ka whakaitihia te kapinga o ētahi rohe e te whakakorenga o te teihana whenua
• Ka puta he pānui teka i ngā whakaata maha-ara mai i ngā whare, i ngā maunga rānei
• Kāore he tohu DME, kāore he mōhiohio tawhiti.

Ko tā tēnei rārangi e whakaatu ana, ko ngā ngoikoretanga o te DME e noho tahi ana me ngā āhuatanga e tino hiahiatia ana e ngā pailate, te nekenekehanga i te teitei iti, te whakatata atu ki te whenua, me ngā taiao taunga waka nui. Ko te hangarau he mea herea e te ahupūngao, ehara i te mea nā ngā hapa hoahoa.

Tirohia te tawhiti o te DME ki ētahi atu pūtake e wātea ana i ia whakatatanga mai. Ina rere koe ki tētahi whenua tauhou, ki tētahi wāhi rererangi pukumahi rānei, whakamōhiotia te ngā herenga motuhake o te DME e pā ana ki taua taunga rererangi i mua i te hiahiatanga o ngā mōhiohio. Me whakaaro ki te pānui hei raraunga kotahi, kaua hei kupu whakamutunga.

Te Pumautanga o te Tika o te DME i ngā Āhuatanga Tuturu

E whakaaro ana te nuinga o ngā pailate he tau pumau te tika o te DME kua tāia ki runga i tētahi pepa whakaritenga. Ko te mea pono, ka rerekē te tika i runga i ngā āhuatanga, ā, ko te mahi tūturu o te pūnaha e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga kāore i te tino hopukina e te pukapuka.

Ko te tika o te wā pā te tūāpapa. Me mau tonu te tika o te karaka ā-roto o te teihana whenua i te taumata maikorohekona kia pai ai te mahi o te tatau haere-hoki. Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi pērā i te ua nui, te hurihanga pāmahana rānei te marara i te tohu pā, ka puta mai he hapa wā iti ka piki haere i ngā tawhiti roa.

Ko te pokanoa maha-ara te taurangi huna. Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga whenua, ngā maunga, ngā whare, tae atu ki ngā waka rererangi nunui i runga i te whenua, te whakaata i te tohu DME, ka meinga te kaiwhiwhi kia mau ki te whakaata whakaroa kaua ki te pāoro tika. Ka hangaia he pānui tawhiti teka ka taea te he i te maha o ngā hauwhā o te maero, inā koa i ngā mahi iti-teitei tata ki ngā taunga rererangi me te whenua uaua.

He rohe tika anō tō te teihana whenua. Ka whakatikatikaina ia teihana i te wā tāutanga, engari ka nekehia te turanga e te nekehanga o ngā wāhanga i roto i te wā me ngā huringa pāmahana o te wā. He pakari ake te pupuri a ngā waeine DME totoka hou i ngā pūnaha ngongo tawhito, engari ko te ahupūngao taketake o te ine i te tawhiti reo irirangi ko tōna tikanga kāore he pānui e tino tika ana.

He pai ake te tika o te GPS i ngā āhuatanga tino pai, engari he pai tonu te DME ina uaua te GPS. He uaua ake te aukati i te tohu DME, kāore e whakawhirinaki ki te āhua amiorangi, ā, he pono te mahi i roto i ngā awaawa o te tāone e whakaata ana ngā tohu GPS i ngā whare. Ka tautokohia e ngā pūnaha e rua tetahi ki tetahi, engari kāore tetahi i te tino pai ake.

DME i roto i ngā Whare Waka o ēnei Rā: Kei te Whai Hua Tonu, Kua Tawhito rānei?

Ko te pātai tonu e whakaatu ana i tētahi hē o te mārama ki te mahi a te rere o ngā taputapu tūturu. Kāore te GPS i whakakore i te DME, engari kua nui ake te whai hua o te DME hei tirotiro me te tārua.

Ka whakauruhia e ngā pūnaha FMS hou ngā pānui DME me te GPS me te whakatere inertial. Kāore te pūnaha e whiriwhiri i tētahi pūtake i tētahi atu. Ka whakakotahi i a rātou, ka paunatia ia pūtake i runga i te kounga tohu me te āhua. Ina taka te GPS ki runga i ngā whenua tawhiti, i te wā rānei e motu ana te amiorangi, ka pupuri tonu te DME i te otinga tūranga kia ora tonu me te kore e hiki ake te pailate i tētahi maihao.

Me whakamahi tonu te DME i ētahi huarahi hei whakatika i ngā hapa me ngā tukanga whakatata i ngaro. Ko te huarahi ILS me ngā pewa DME me whakamahi i ngā taputapu kāore e taea e te GPS anake te tārua me te kore he kaiwhiwhi whaimana. Kāore te FAA i whakakore i te DME i te tere rite ki ētahi atu waka rererangi whenua nā te mea e whakakī ana i tēnei āputa.

Ka whakangungua ngā ākonga e te Florida Flyers Flight Academy ki te whakahaere DME tuku iho me te whakatere e hangai ana ki te GPS. Ehara te whāinga i te whiriwhiri i tētahi pūnaha tino pai. Engari he hanga i ngā pailate ka taea te hikoi ki roto i tētahi kokopiti, ahakoa he waka whakangungu mamaoa me tētahi pouaka DME motuhake, he papa karāhe rānei e whakahaere ana i tētahi FMS whakauru, ā, e mōhio ana ki te tikanga o te pānui tawhiti me te wā e whakawhirinaki ai.

Ehara te DME i te pūnaha tawhito e tatari ana kia mutu. He paparanga tautoko i roto i te puranga whakatere e tika ana kia mārama ngā pailate ngaio katoa i te taumata ara iahiko, kaua ko te taumata pēhi pātene anake. Te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua o te DME e wehe ana i ngā pailate e whai ana i ngā rārangi magenta mai i ngā pailate e whakatere ana.

Kia matatau ki te DME, ka rere māia

Mā te mārama ki te mahi a te DME ka hurihia te pānui o te kokopiti mai i tētahi tau e whakawhirinakihia ana e koe ki tētahi pūwāhi raraunga ka taea e koe te manatoko, te wero, me te whakamahi me te tika. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te pailate e mōhio ana ki te huringa uiui me te tangata e pānui noa ana i te whakaaturanga ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te tangata e whakatere ana me te tangata e whai ana.

Ko ia huarahi taputapu e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tirotiro tawhiti DME ka waiho hei whakamātautau mō tēnei māramatanga. Mēnā ka ngaro te hapa whānuitanga whakarara i te teitei, ka neke te pūwāhi whakatata i ngaro. Mēnā ka hē te pānui i te hononga auau, ka noho pōuri te whakaaturanga tawhiti. Ehara ēnei i te raruraru mātauranga. Koinei te momo hapa e wehewehe ana i te kaiurungi taputapu pakari mai i te tangata e raru ana i roto i te whakangungu IFR.

Ka hangaia e te Florida Flyers Flight Academy te pūkenga DME ki roto i ngā kaupapa taputapu me ngā kaupapa arumoni katoa nā te mea kei te hiahiatia tonutia i roto i ngā kokopiti tūturu. Whakaharatauhia ngā tikanga kia noho tūturu rā anō te huringa uiui. Ko ngā pailate e mōhio ana ki ngā kaupapa taketake ko rātou e rere māia ana ina rahua te GPS, ā, ko te tau anake i runga i te mata e ahu mai ana i te pāoro e tere ana i te tere o te mārama.