Yin tsalle cikin wani abu ba tare da shiri ba shine girke-girke na rashin nasara. Jirgin ba shi da bambanci. Idan kana so zama matukin jirgi, mataki na farko shine sanin ainihin yadda ake zama matukin jirgi kafin yin kowane alkawari. Tsarin tsari yana kawar da kurakurai, adana lokaci da kuɗi, kuma yana saita ku don samun nasara.
Bukatar matukan jirgi na karuwa cikin sauri. Airones bukatar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, kuma horar da jirgin sama madaidaici shine kawai hanyar zuwa wurin. Amma daga ina za ku fara?
Wannan jagorar ta raba shi cikin matakai guda bakwai masu sauƙi-daga buƙatun cancanta zuwa manyan takaddun shaida-don haka zaku iya kewaya horon jirgin da ƙarfin gwiwa. Ko kuna neman lasisin matukin jirgi mai zaman kansa ko kuma aikin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci, wannan taswirar hanya za ta ci gaba da tafiya akan hanya madaidaiciya.
Mataki na 1: Yadda Ake Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Haɗu da Abubuwan Bukatu Na Musamman
Kafin shiga cikin jirgin ruwa, kuna buƙatar cika mafi ƙarancin buƙatun cancantar da hukumomin jiragen sama suka tsara kamar su Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Tarayya (FAA) a Amurka Waɗannan buƙatun sun tabbatar da cewa masu neman matukin jirgi suna da tushen da ya dace don fara horon jirgin.
Abubuwan Bukatun Shekaru mafi ƙanƙanta
Shekaru yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jirgin sama, kamar lasisin matukin jirgi daban-daban suna da takamaiman ƙayyadaddun buƙatu.
Tafiya tana farawa tun tana ɗan shekara 16, farkon shekarun da ɗalibi zai iya tashi solo bisa doka. Wannan muhimmin mataki wani muhimmin mataki ne na horar da jiragen sama, wanda ke nuna alamar karon farko da matukin jirgi ya tashi da jirgin sama ba tare da jirgin ba bokan malamin jirgin a kan jirgin.
A shekaru 17, matukan jirgi na iya neman takardar lasisin matukin jirgi mai zaman kansa (PPL), ba su damar yin jigilar fasinjoji da jirgin sama da kansu, kodayake ba don dalilai na kasuwanci ba. Waɗanda ke neman ƙwararrun aikin jirgin sama dole ne su jira har zuwa shekaru 18 don cancantar samun lasisin tukin jirgi na Kasuwanci (CPL), wanda ke ba matukan jirgi damar samun diyya don ayyukansu na tashi.
Mafi girman takaddun shaida, da Lasin Jirgin Jirgin Jirgin Sama (ATPL), yana buƙatar matukin jirgi su kasance aƙalla shekaru 23. Wannan lasisi yana da mahimmanci ga waɗanda ke son zama kyaftin na jirgin sama, saboda yana ba da cikakken umarnin aiki na jiragen kasuwanci.
Yayin da shekaru ke da mahimmanci, biyan buƙatun sa'o'in jirgin sama da cin jarrabawar da suka dace daidai suke da mahimmanci wajen isa kowane matakin takaddun shaida.
Ingantaccen Ilimi
Difloma ta sakandare ko GED gabaɗaya ita ce mafi ƙarancin ilimi don fara horar da jirgin. Duk da yake ba koyaushe yana zama tilas ba, yana ba da ƙwaƙƙwaran tushe don fahimtar ra'ayoyin jirgin sama da cin jarabawar rubutacciyar. Wasu makarantun jirgin na iya samun ƙarin buƙatun ilimi, amma galibi sun fi mayar da hankali kan ƙwarewar tashi da ci gaban horo.
Ba kamar sauran sana'o'in sana'a ba, ba a buƙatar digiri na kwaleji don zama matukin jirgi.
Koyaya, wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama, musamman manyan dillalai, sun fi son ƴan takara masu digiri, saboda yana iya nuna horo da ƙwarewar tunani. Matukan jirgin da ke neman mukamai tare da manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na iya amfana daga samun digiri a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, injiniyan sararin samaniya, ko wani fannin da ke da alaƙa, kodayake ba ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatu ba ne.
Ƙwararrun ƙwarewa a cikin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, da Ingilishi suna da fa'ida sosai don horar da jirgin. Matukin jirgi akai-akai suna aiki tare da lissafin da suka haɗa da gudu, tsayi, yawan mai, da kewayawa.
Tsayayyen fahimtar ilimin lissafi yana taimakawa wajen fahimta sararin samaniya da kuma aikin jirgin sama. Har ila yau, ƙwarewar Ingilishi yana da mahimmanci, saboda shi ne yaren jiragen sama na duniya, da ake buƙata don sadarwa tare da kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da ayyukan jiragen sama na duniya.
Yadda Ake Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Fitness na Lafiya da Takaddun Lafiya na FAA
Dole ne matukan jirgi su ci jarrabawar likita ta FAA-izni mai ba da izini ga Likitan Kiwon Lafiyar Jiragen Sama (AME) don samun FAA Certificate na Likita:
- Takaddun shaida na Likita na aji na farko – Da ake bukata ga shugabannin jiragen sama.
- Takaddun shaida na Likita na aji na biyu - Ana buƙata don matukan jirgi na kasuwanci.
- Takaddun shaida na Likita na aji na uku – Mafi ƙarancin buƙata don matukan jirgi masu zaman kansu.
Rashin cancantar gama gari sun haɗa da yanayin zuciya mai tsanani, farfaɗiya, ciwon sukari mara sarrafa, da kuma matsalolin hangen nesa. Duk da haka, wasu matukan jirgi na iya tashi da rashin lafiya.
Cika waɗannan buƙatu na yau da kullun shine matakin farko na hukuma na koyon yadda ake zama matukin jirgi. Da zarar kun cancanci, mataki na gaba shine zabar hanyar horar da jirgin da ta dace.
Mataki 2: Yadda Ake Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Zaɓan Hanyar Horon Jirgin Da Ya dace
Da zarar kun cika ainihin buƙatun, babban yanke shawara na gaba shine inda kuma yadda ake horarwa. Shirye-shiryen horar da jirgin sun bambanta, kuma zaɓin wanda ya dace ya dogara da burin ku, kasafin kuɗi, da salon koyo.
Yadda Ake Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Makarantar Jirgin sama vs. Shirin Jirgin Sama na Jami'ar
Zaɓa tsakanin makarantar jirgin sama da shirin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na jami'a yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yanke shawara masu neman matukin jirgi ke fuskanta. Dukansu hanyoyi suna kaiwa ga jirgin ruwa, amma sun bambanta cikin tsari, farashi, da fa'idodin aiki.
Makarantun jirgin sama, wanda kuma aka sani da makarantu masu zaman kansu, suna mai da hankali ne kawai kan horar da matukin jirgi. Suna ba da sauri, ƙarin shirye-shirye masu sassauƙa waɗanda ke ba wa ɗalibai damar horarwa a cikin taki.
Wannan hanya galibi tana da araha, amma tana buƙatar horo mai ƙarfi don ci gaba da tafiya. Yawancin ɗalibai suna zaɓar makarantun jirgin sama saboda za su iya kammala horo a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma su fara aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi da wuri.
Shirye-shiryen zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na jami'a, a gefe guda, sun haɗu da digiri na ilimi tare da horar da jirgin sama. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen yawanci sun fi tsada kuma suna ɗaukar lokaci, amma galibi suna yin haɗin gwiwa kai tsaye tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama, suna ba da sauyi mai sauƙi zuwa zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci.
Wasu jami'o'in kuma suna ba da zaɓuɓɓukan taimakon kuɗi, suna sa farashin ya fi dacewa. Duk da yake ba a buƙatar digiri don zama matukin jirgi, yana iya ba da fa'idodin aiki na dogon lokaci, musamman ga waɗanda ke son yin aiki ga manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama.
Yadda Ake Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Kashi Na 61 vs. Sashe na 141 Shirye-shiryen Horon
Fahimtar bambanci tsakanin Sashe na 61 da Sashe na 141 horon jirgin yana da mahimmanci ga duk wanda ya koyi yadda ake zama matukin jirgi. FAA tana tsara horar da matukin jirgi a ƙarƙashin waɗannan shirye-shirye daban-daban guda biyu, kowannensu yana da fa'idodinsa dangane da burin ɗalibi, jadawalin, da kasafin kuɗi.
Part 61 horon jirgin yana ba da sassaucin ra'ayi, tsarin kai-da-kai, yana mai da shi manufa ga ɗaliban da suke buƙatar daidaita horo tare da wasu alkawurra.
Wannan shirin yana bawa masu koyar da jirgin damar tsara darussa dangane da ci gaban mutum ɗaya, amma yana buƙatar ƙarin sa'o'i na tashi-misali, sa'o'i 250 don lasisin Pilot Commercial (CPL). Yayin da wani lokaci yana iya zama mai araha, yana buƙatar ƙarin horo don tsayawa kan hanya.
Part 141 horon jirgin yana bin tsari mai tsari, ingantaccen tsari na FAA wanda aka ƙera don ƙarshe cikin sauri. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi suna aiki ta hanyar makarantun jirgin sama ko shirye-shiryen jiragen sama na jami'a, wanda ke sa kamfanonin jiragen sama suka fi son su. Tunda suna bin ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin koyarwa, suna buƙatar ƙarancin sa'o'in jirgin sama-ƙananan sa'o'i 190 don CPL-amma dole ne ɗalibai su bi jadawalin horon da aka saita. Wannan hanyar tana da kyau ga waɗanda ke neman saurin sa ido, ƙwarewar horar da jirgin sama da aka fi so.
Zaɓi tsakanin Sashe na 61 da Sashe na 141 ya dogara da burin horarwa, salon koyo, da burin aiki. Dukansu hanyoyin suna haifar da zama matukin jirgi, amma fahimtar waɗannan bambance-bambancen yana tabbatar da ɗalibai sun zaɓi tsarin da ya dace don tafiyarsu ta jirgin sama.
La'akari ga International Students
Idan ba kai ɗan ƙasar Amurka ba ne, ana buƙatar ƙarin matakai:
- Sami takardar iznin dalibi na M-1 ko F-1 don horarwa a makarantar da FAA ta amince da ita kamar haka Florida Flyers Flight Academy.
- Kammala tsarin izinin tsaro na TSA (Hukumar Tsaro ta Motsawa).
- Tabbatar cewa makarantar jirgin da kuka zaɓa ta sami takaddun shaida don horar da ɗaliban ƙasashen duniya.
Zaɓi hanyar horon jirgin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don ci gaban aikin ku. Da zarar kun yanke shawarar ku, mataki na gaba shine samun Takaddun Lafiya na FAA da fara makarantar jirgin sama a hukumance.
Mataki 3: Yadda Ake Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Samun Takaddun Takaddun Lafiya na FAA
Samun takardar shaidar likita ta FAA mataki ne na wajibi a cikin koyon yadda ake zama matukin jirgi. Wannan izinin likita yana tabbatar da cewa matukan jirgi sun cika ka'idojin lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa da ake buƙata don sarrafa jirgin sama lafiya. FAA tana ba da nau'ikan takaddun shaida na likita iri uku, kowanne an tsara shi don matakan takaddun shaidar matukin jirgi daban-daban.
Ana buƙatar Certificate Medical Class-First ga matukin jirgi na jirgin sama (ATPL) kuma dole ne a sabunta shi kowane watanni shida zuwa goma sha biyu, ya danganta da shekarun matukin.
Ana buƙatar Certificate na Likita na aji na biyu don matukin jirgi na kasuwanci (CPL) kuma ya kasance yana aiki har tsawon shekara ɗaya. Takaddun shaida na Likita na aji na uku shine mafi mahimmanci kuma ana buƙata don matukan jirgi masu zaman kansu (PPL), yana aiki har tsawon shekaru biyu zuwa biyar, ya danganta da shekaru.
Don samun takardar shaidar likita, dole ne matukan jirgi su tsara jarrabawa tare da FAA-izni mai ba da izini na Likitan Jirgin Sama (AME). Tsarin ya haɗa da:
- Gwajin hangen nesa
- Gwajin sauraro
- Duban jini na zuciya
- Ƙimar lafiyar kwakwalwa
Yayin da wasu yanayi kamar ciwon sukari marasa sarrafawa, farfadiya, ko cututtukan zuciya mai tsanani na iya hana ɗan takara, FAA tana ba da izinin likita don wasu yanayi, ƙyale matukan jirgi su tashi a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun iyakancewa. Tabbatar da lafiyar jiki a farkon tsarin horo yana hana cikas da ba zato ba tsammani a samun lasisin matukin jirgi.
Mataki 4: Shiga Makarantar Ƙasa kuma Fara Horar da Jirgin Sama
Makarantar ƙasa ita ce ginshiƙi na horar da matukin jirgi, wanda ke rufe mahimman fannonin ilimi kamar aerodynamics, ƙa'idodin jirgin, yanayin yanayi, da kewayawa. Kafin shiga cikin jirgi mai saukar ungulu, matukin jirgi dole ne su ƙware a haƙiƙanin ka'idoji don shirya don tashi mai aminci da inganci. Ana samun makarantar ƙasa a cikin-mutum a makarantun jirgin sama ko kan layi, yana ba ɗalibai damar koyo a cikin taki.
Da zarar makarantar ƙasa ta fara aiki, horar da jirgin zai fara da haɗuwa horar da na'urar kwaikwayo da kwarewar jirgin na gaske. Simulators suna taimaka wa ɗalibai yin ayyukan gaggawa, kewaya kayan aiki, da sarrafa jirgin sama a cikin yanayi mai sarrafawa. Koyaya, ƙwarewar hannu a cikin ainihin jirgin sama yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka ƙwarewar tashi ta gaske.
Adadin sa'o'in jirgin da ake buƙata ya bambanta dangane da nau'in lasisin matukin jirgi. Lasisin matukin jirgi mai zaman kansa (PPL) yana buƙatar awanni 40-60.
Yayin da lasisin matukin jirgi na Kasuwanci (CPL) ke buƙata tsakanin sa'o'i 190-250, dangane da ko horo ya bi ka'idodin Sashe na 61 ko Sashe na 141. Kammala karatun makarantar ƙasa da na jirgin sama yadda ya kamata shine mabuɗin ci gaba ta hanyar takaddun shaida na matukin jirgi.
Mataki na 5: Yadda Za A Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Sami Lasisin matukin jirgi mai zaman kansa (PPL)
Samun lasisin matukin jirgi mai zaman kansa (PPL) shine babban mataki na farko na koyon yadda ake zama matukin jirgi. PPL tana bawa matukan jirgi damar tashi kawai, ɗaukar fasinjoji, da sarrafa jirgin sama don dalilai na sirri ko na nishaɗi, amma ba don diyya ba. Wannan takaddun shaida yana gina tushe don ƙarin horarwar matukin jirgi.
Tsarin horar da jirgin don PPL ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa. Dalibai suna farawa da koyarwa biyu, suna tashi tare da malami don koyo motsa jiki na asali, tashin jirgi, saukarwa, da hanyoyin gaggawa.
Da zarar sun nuna kwarewa, sai su ci gaba zuwa jirage masu saukar ungulu, inda suke tashi su kadai a karkashin kulawar malamai. Horon ya kuma hada da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, inda matukan jirgi ke koyon tafiya mai nisa, kuma dare yawo, wanda ke haɓaka ikon su na yin aiki a cikin ƙananan yanayin gani.
Don samun PPL, ɗalibai dole ne su wuce mahimman kimantawa guda uku:
- Rubutun Nazari - Gwajin zaɓi da yawa da ke rufe ka'idojin sararin samaniya, kewayawa, yanayi, da tsarin jirgin sama.
- Jarrabawar baka – Ƙimar magana inda mai jarrabawar FAA ke tantance fahimtar ɗalibi game da ayyukan jirgin.
- Gwajin Jirgin Sama Mai Haɓakawa (Checkride) - Ƙimar jirgin sama na gaske inda ɗalibai ke nuna ikon su na sarrafa jirgin cikin aminci da inganci.
Bayan nasarar cin waɗannan jarrabawar, matukin jirgi sun karɓi lasisin tukin jirgi mai zaman kansa, wanda ke nuna farkon tafiyarsu ta jirgin sama. Yayin da PPL ke ba da damar matukan jirgi su tashi don amfanin kansu, haɓaka zuwa manyan takaddun shaida ya zama dole ga waɗanda ke neman ƙwararrun sana'a.
Mataki 6: Yadda Ake Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Ci gaba zuwa Manyan Takaddun shaida
Bayan samun lasisin matukin jirgi mai zaman kansa (PPL), mataki na gaba na yadda ake zama matukin jirgi yana ci gaba zuwa manyan takaddun shaida. Waɗannan ƙarin ƙimar ƙima da lasisi suna haɓaka ƙarfin tashi da buɗe damar aiki a cikin jirgin sama na kasuwanci.
An Ƙimar Instrument (IR) yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin haɓakawa, kyale matukan jirgi su tashi a cikin ƙananan yanayin gani ta amfani da kayan aiki kawai. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don tashi a cikin mummunan yanayi kuma buƙatu ne don ayyukan kasuwancin jirgin sama. Horon ya haɗa da ƙaƙƙarfan jiragen siminti na kayan aiki, dabarun kewayawa, da hanyoyin gaggawa.
Ga waɗanda ke da niyyar tashi da fasaha, samun lasisin tukin jirgi na Kasuwanci (CPL) shine mataki na gaba. CPL tana ba matukan jirgi damar tashi don biyan diyya ko hayar, ba da damar yin aiki a cikin jiragen haya, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kamfanoni, da kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanki. Don samun cancantar, dole ne matukan jirgin su kammala ci gaba da motsa jiki, zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, da ayyukan dare, tare da ƙarin rubutattun jarrabawa.
Matukin jirgin da ke son yin amfani da jirgin sama da injin sama da ɗaya dole ne su sami Ma'aunin Injin Multi-Engine (ME). Wannan horon yana mai da hankali kan mu'amala asymmetrical turawa, gazawar injin gaggawa, da ci-gaba aerodynamics, shirya matukan jirgi don ƙarin hadaddun jirage.
Ci gaba ta hanyar waɗannan takaddun shaida yana da mahimmanci ga kowa mai mahimmanci game da aikin jirgin sama na dogon lokaci. Kowane mataki yana kawo matuƙan jirgin kusa da babban burinsu—ko dai jiragen sama na kasuwanci ne, jirgin sama na kamfani, ko ayyuka na musamman.
Mataki 7: Yadda Ake Zama Matukin Jirgin Sama - Ƙwarewar Gina da Sa'o'in Jirgin Sama
Bayan samun takaddun shaida, mataki na ƙarshe na yadda ake zama matuƙin jirgin sama yana samun ƙwarewar jirgin sama da sa'o'in shiga. Yawancin ayyukan ƙwararrun matukin jirgi, gami da matsayi na jirgin sama, suna buƙatar ƙwarewar tashi sama, yana mai da wannan matakin mahimmanci don ci gaban aiki.
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gama gari don gina sa'o'in jirgin shine ta zama Certified Flight Instructor (CFI). Yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin da ke neman jirgin suna koya wa wasu yadda ake tashi sama, suna ba su damar samun gogewa mai mahimmanci yayin samun kuɗi.
Ƙarin ƙididdiga masu koyarwa, irin su CFII (Certified Flight Instructor - Instrument) don horar da kayan aiki da MEI (Mai koyar da injiniya mai yawa) don koyarwa a cikin jirgin sama na tagwaye, yana ƙara haɓaka cancanta da kuma sa'a na aiki.
Matukan jirgin da ke neman madadin hanyoyi na iya samun gogewa ta yin aiki ga kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanki, kamfanonin haya, ko masu sarrafa kaya. Yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanki suna hayar matukan jirgi tare da sa'o'in tashi sama 1,500, suna ba da hanya kai tsaye zuwa manyan dillalai. Ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da na kaya, kamar hanyoyin ciyarwa na FedEx da UPS, suma suna ba da damammaki na yau da kullun don tara sa'o'i.
Kammalawa
Fahimtar yadda ake zama matukin jirgi yana buƙatar taswirar hanya bayyananne, daga biyan buƙatun cancanta zuwa kammala horon jirgin da ci gaba ta hanyar manyan takaddun shaida. Samun lasisin matukin jirgi mai zaman kansa (PPL) shine farkon farawa, sannan samun Rating Instrument (IR) da Lasisin Pilot Commercial (CPL) don cancanci samun damar tashi sama da aka biya.
Mataki na ƙarshe shine samun sa'o'in jirage ta hanyar koyarwa, sufurin jirgin sama, kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanki, ko ayyukan ɗaukar kaya don biyan buƙatun hayar jirgin.
Tafiya zuwa zama matukin jirgi na buƙatar sadaukarwa, shirin kuɗi, da jajircewar ci gaba da koyo. Tare da haɓaka buƙatun duniya na matukin jirgi, waɗanda suka ci gaba da mai da hankali kan horo da burinsu na aiki za su sami damammaki masu ban sha'awa a cikin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci. Mataki na gaba shine zabar abin da ya dace makarantar jirgin sama, amintacce kuɗi, da ɗaukar mataki don cimma ƙwararrun aikin matukin jirgi.
Tuntuɓi Tawagar Ilimin Jirgin Sama na Florida Flyers a yau a (904) 209-3510 don ƙarin koyo game da yadda ake yin canjin lasisin matukin jirgi na ƙasashen waje a cikin matakai 4.
