Ungasifumana njani iSatifikethi sakho se-ATP?
Ukufumana iSatifikethi sokuLinga iNqwelo yeNqwelo-moya lelona nqanaba liphezulu lesatifikethi sokulinga, esivumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba basebenze njengokapteni kwiinkampani zorhwebo. Linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwabo balandela ikhondo lomsebenzi wokubhabha ngenqwelomoya, njengoko libonisa owona mgangatho uphakamileyo wamava okubhabha, ulwazi kunye nobuchule bokusebenza.
The Ulawulo lwezoLawulo lwezoPhapho (i-FAA) ifuna abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bafumane isatifikethi se-ATP ukuze babhabhe njengomphathi Icandelo 121 iinqwelomoya eUnited States. Esi satifikethi sidinga amava abanzi okubhabha, ukugqitywa ngempumelelo koqeqesho lwe-ATP, kunye nokuphumelela kolwazi lwe-FAA kunye neemviwo ezisebenzayo.
Esi sikhokelo sibonelela ngocazululo olubanzi lwesatifikethi se-ATP, kubandakanya iimfuno zokufaneleka, amanyathelo oqeqesho, iindleko, kunye namathuba omsebenzi. Nokuba ungumqhubi wenqwelomoya onqwenelayo okanye ujonge ukuqhubela phambili ikhondo lakho lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, ukuqonda inkqubo yokufumana iSatifikethi sokuLinga iNqwelo yeenqwelomoya kubalulekile ukuze ufikelele awona manqanaba aphezulu kushishino.
Kutheni le nto kufuneka ndisifumane iSiqinisekiso sam sokuLinga isiThuthi seNqwelomoya?
Ukufumana iSiqinisekiso soLingelo lokuLula ngeenqwelomoya (ATP) linyathelo elibalulekileyo kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abajolise ukufikelela kwelona nqanaba liphezulu lophapho lobungcali. Njengomgangatho wegolide kwisiqinisekiso somqhubi wenqwelomoya, i-ATP ivumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba basebenze njengabaphathi beenqwelo-moya zorhwebo, bavule iingcango kumathuba omsebenzi ahlawula imali eninzi, ixesha elide kushishino lwezophapho.
1. Kufuneka kwiZithuba zoMphathi weNqwelomoya
E-United States, i-FAA igunyazisa isiqinisekiso se-ATP kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abafuna ukusebenza njengabaphathi beenqwelo-moya zeCandelo le-121 (iinqwelo-moya ezinkulu kunye nemimandla). Ngaphandle kwe-ATP, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya banqunyelwe kwiindima zegosa lokuqala okanye imisebenzi yokubhabha yorhwebo engeyiyo eyenqwelomoya.
2. Ukwandiswa kwamathuba eMisebenzi kunye nokuKhula kweMisebenzi
NgeSiqinisekiso sokuLinga iNqwelo-moya yezoThutho, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bafanelekela imisebenzi ehlawula kakhulu kwiinqwelo-moya ezinkulu, iinkampani eziqashayo, nabathuthi bempahla. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaqinisekisiweyo be-ATP banamathuba amakhulu okuqhubela phambili kwikhondo lomsebenzi, njengokusuka kwiinkampani zeenqwelomoya zommandla ukuya kubathwali abakhulu okanye ukutshintshela kuphapho olumanyanisiweyo nolwamazwe ngamazwe.
3. Inzuzo yoKhuphiswano kuShishino loPhapho
Njengoko ukuqeshwa kwenqwelomoya kuya kukhuphisana ngakumbi, ukubamba isiqinisekiso se-ATP kwenza abaqhubi bahlukane. Iinqwelomoya zikhetha abaviwa abaqinisekisiweyo be-ATP ngenxa yamava abo amaninzi ngenqwelomoya, ulwazi oluphambili, kunye nobuchule bokusebenza. Iinqwelomoya ezininzi zibabeka phambili abanini be-ATP xa bekhetha abagqatswa bophuculo lomphathi okanye izabelo zenqwelomoya zamazwe ngamazwe.
4. Amathuba oMvuzo oPhezulu
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abanesatifikethi se-ATP bafumana umvuzo ongaphezulu kakhulu kunabo baneLayisensi yokuLinga iRhwebo (CPL). Abaphathi kwiinqwelo-moya ezinkulu banokufumana imivuzo yamanani amathandathu, ngelixa amagosa okuqala anesatifikethi se-ATP nawo ayalela intlawulo ephezulu.
5. Idibana neMigangatho ye-Airline yaMazwe ngaMazwe
Amazwe amaninzi afuna iSatifikethi sokuLinga isiThuthi seNqwelo-moya kwiindima zikakapteni weenqwelo-moya. Ukubamba isatifikethi se-FAA ATP kwandisa ukuguquguquka kwekhondo lomsebenzi, kuvumela abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ukuba balandele amathuba okubhabha kumazwe ngamazwe kunye neenqwelomoya zehlabathi.
6. Indlela eya kwiMisebenzi eYodwa kunye noPhapho oluManyanisiweyo
Ngaphaya kwemisebenzi yenqwelomoya, isiqinisekiso se-ATP senza ukuba abaqhubi beenqwelo moya basebenze ngenqwelomoya yeshishini, imisebenzi yokuqesha, kunye nemisebenzi yenqwelomoya karhulumente. Amasebe amaninzi eenqwelomoya kunye neendima ezikhethekileyo zokubhabha zikhetha okanye zifuna umqhubi oqinisekisiweyo we-ATP ngenxa yomgangatho ophezulu wobuchule kunye namava.
Ukufumana iSatifikethi sokuLinga isiThuthi seNqwelo-moya asiyomfuneko nje kubaphathi beenqwelo-moya—lutyalo-mali kumsebenzi wokuhamba ngenqwelomoya oyimpumelelo nonomvuzo ngokwemali. Ngamathuba amakhulu emisebenzi, imivuzo ephezulu, kunye nokuthembeka okwandisiweyo, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-ATP yeyona njongo iphambili kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya abafuna uzinzo lwexesha elide kunye nokukhula kobungcali kwishishini.
Yintoni i-ATP CTP?
Inkqubo yoQeqesho loQeqesho loLingelo lwezoThutho lwezoThutho (i-ATP CTP) yimfuneko efunekayo kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abafaka isicelo sesatifikethi sokuLinga uThutho lweNqwelo-moya (ATP) esinomgangatho wodidi lweenjini ezininzi okanye uhlobo lokulinganisa. Ukusukela nge-31 kaJulayi 2014, iFAA ifuna abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bagqibezele Ikhosi ye-ATP CTP phambi kokuthatha uvavanyo lolwazi lwe-ATP, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bafumana uqeqesho olusisiseko lwenqanaba lenqwelomoya.
Ikhosi ye-ATP CTP iquka iiyure ezingama-30 zokufundisa emhlabeni kunye neeyure ezili-10 zoqeqesho lokulinganisa. Isikolo samabanga aphantsi sigubungela izifundo ezibalulekileyo ezinje nge-aerodynamics ephucukileyo, ukusebenza komthuthi womoya, i-meteorology, kunye nemigaqo yokhuseleko. Uqeqesho lwe-simulator luzisa abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kwii-simulators ze-airline ezipheleleyo, ukubonelela ngamava ngamava kunye nokusebenza kwe-airline-standard-standard flight, ulawulo lwenkqubo, kunye neemeko zokusebenza eziphezulu.
Kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaninzi, ikhosi ye-ATP CTP kukuvezwa kwabo kokuqala kuqeqesho olujolise kwinqwelomoya, enika umbono kwimicelimngeni kunye nokulindelweyo kwimisebenzi yenqwelo-moya yorhwebo. Nje ukuba ikhosi igqitywe, abaviwa kufuneka baphumelele uvavanyo lolwazi lwe-FAA ATP, oluvavanya ukuqonda kwabo malunga nokusebenza kwenqwelomoya, imimiselo, kunye nokusebenza kweenjini ezininzi.
I-ATP CTP linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufumaneni iSatifikethi sokuLinga isiThuthi seNqwelo-moya, silungiselela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kwisigaba esilandelayo somsebenzi wabo wokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukufumana iSatifikethi sokuLinga isiThuthi seNqwelomoya?
Ixesha elifunekayo lokufumana isatifikethi se-Airline Transport pilot (ATP) liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yoqeqesho lomqhubi wenqwelomoya, amava angaphambili ngenqwelomoya, kunye nokukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-FAA. Ekubeni isiqinisekiso se-ATP lelona nqanaba liphezulu lesatifikethi sokulinga, inkqubo ibandakanya ukuqokelela amava okubhabha abalulekileyo, ukugqiba iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezifunekayo, kunye nokuphumelela iimviwo ze-FAA.
Ixesha elimiselweyo lokuFumana iSatifikethi se-ATP
1. Dibana noBuncinane beMfuno ngeyure yeFlight (iminyaka emi-2-5)
I-FAA ifuna ubuncinane beeyure zenqwelo-moya ezili-1,500 zizonke kwiSiqinisekiso sokuLinga isiThuthi seNqwelomoya. Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelomoya baziqokelela ezi yure ngokusebenza njengabahlohli ngenqwelomoya, abaqhubi beenqwelo moya, okanye amagosa okuqala eenqwelomoya zengingqi. Ixesha elifunekayo ukufikelela kwiiyure ze-1,500 liyahluka:
- Abaqhubi bexesha elizeleyo: 1.5 ukuya kwi-3 iminyaka
- Abaqhubi bexeshana: iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5
2. Gqibezela iNkqubo yoQeqesho lweSiqinisekiso se-ATP (ATP CTP) (Iiveki ezi-1-2)
Ngaphambi kokuthatha uvavanyo lolwazi lwe-FAA ATP, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka bazalise iNkqubo yoQeqesho loQeqesho lweSiqinisekiso sezoThutho lwezoThutho (ATP CTP). Le khosi ibandakanya:
- Iiyure ezingama-30 zoqeqesho lwasemhlabeni
- Iiyure ezili-10 zoqeqesho lokulinganisa olupheleleyo
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya bagqiba le nkqubo kwiintsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-10, kuxhomekeke kumboneleli woqeqesho.
3. Ukuphumelela uvavanyo loLwazi lwe-FAA ATP (iiVeki ezi-1-2 zokuLungiselela)
Emva kokugqiba ikhosi ye-ATP CTP, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka baphumelele ikhosi Uviwo olubhaliweyo lwe-FAA ATP. Ixesha lokulungiselela liyahluka, kodwa uninzi lwabaviwa lufunda kwiiveki ezi-1-2 ngaphambi kokuthatha uvavanyo.
4. Gcwalisa i-ATP CheckRide (Iyahluka ngokuSekwe kwiNkqubo yokuQesha)
Ukuba umqhubi wenqwelomoya sele eqeshwe yinkampani yenqwelomoya, i-ATP check ride idla ngokugqityezelwa ngexesha lenkqubo entsha yoqeqesho lokuqesha. Ngaphandle koko, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka bacwangcise kwaye baphumelele i-ATP yokukhwela isheke ngokuzimeleyo, enokuthi ithathe iiveki ezimbalwa ukuya kwiinyanga ezininzi ngokusekelwe kubukho beshedyuli.
Ixesha eliqikelelweyo lilonke lokufumana iSatifikethi se-ATP
| inyathelo | Ixesha elifunekayo |
|---|---|
| Ukuqokelela 1,500 Iiyure zeFlight | iminyaka 2-5 |
| Ikhosi ye-ATP CTP | iintsuku 5-10 |
| Ukufundela uviwo oluBhaliweyo lwe-ATP | iiveki 1-2 |
| ATP Khangela ukukhwela | Iiveki ezimbalwa ukuya kwiinyanga (ziyahluka) |
| Ixesha elipheleleyo lokufumana iSatifikethi se-ATP | iminyaka 2-5 |
Eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokugqibezela iSatifikethi sokuLula kwiNqwelo-moya yeenqwelomoya kungeenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zoqeqesho lwenqwelomoya, iinkqubo zekhadethi yenqwelomoya, okanye ukusebenza njengomhlohli wokuhamba ngenqwelomoya ukwakha iiyure zokubhabha ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elichanekileyo lixhomekeke kwisantya soqeqesho, amathuba emisebenzi, kunye nokufumaneka kweshedyuli kwiimviwo kunye nokutshekisha.
Isiqinisekiso soLingelo sezoThutho lweenqwelomoya: Ziziphi iiMfuno zokuLungela
Isatifikethi se-Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) lelona nqanaba liphezulu lesatifikethi sokulinga, esivumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba basebenze njengabaphathi beenqwelo-moya zorhwebo. Ukuze ufaneleke ukufumana isatifikethi se-ATP, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno zokufaneleka ezigunyazisiweyo ze-FAA, kubandakanywa ubuncinci beminyaka, amava okuhamba ngenqwelomoya, isiqinisekiso sonyango, kunye nokugqitywa koqeqesho. Ukusukela ngo-2025, nazi izikhokelo zesatifikethi ezihlaziyiweyo zokufumana isatifikethi se-ATP eMelika.
1. Ubuncinci beMfuneko yobudala
- Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka ubuncinane babe neminyaka engama-23 ubudala ukuze bafumane isatifikethi esipheleleyo se-ATP.
- I-ATP eMiselweyo (R-ATP) iyafumaneka kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, ukuba bayahlangabezana neendlela ezithile zoqeqesho lwasemkhosini okanye zaseyunivesithi.
2. IiMfuno zamava ngeFlight
Ukufaneleka ukufumana i isatifikethi se-ATP, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babhale ubuncinane be-1,500 yeeyure zenqwelomoya zizonke, ekufuneka zibandakanye:
- Iiyure ze-500 zexesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya
- Iiyure ezi-100 zokubhabha ebusuku
- Iiyure ezingama-50 kwinqwelomoya yeenjini ezininzi
- Iiyure ezingama-250 njengoPilot-in-Command (PIC)
- Iiyure ezili-75 zoqeqesho lokubhabha kwesixhobo
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abavela kwiinkqubo ezivunyiweyo zoqeqesho lwenqwelomoya yasemkhosini okanye iinkqubo zokubhabha ngenqwelomoya zaseyunivesithi banokufaneleka kwi-ATP eMiselweyo (R-ATP) eneemfuno zeyure yokubhabha ecuthiweyo (engaphantsi kweeyure ezingama-750 kwezinye iimeko).
3. Isiqinisekiso soNyango
Bonke abafaki-zicelo be-ATP kufuneka babambe isatifikethi sonyango se-FAA esisebenzayo sodidi lokuqala, siqinisekisa ukuba bayahlangabezana neyona migangatho iphezulu yezempilo kunye nombono wemisebenzi yenqwelomoya.
4. Ukugqitywa kweNkqubo yoQeqesho lweSiqinisekiso se-ATP (ATP CTP).
- Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abafaka isicelo sesatifikethi se-ATP esinomlinganiselo weenjini ezininzi kufuneka baqale bagqibe iNkqubo yoQeqesho lweSiqinisekiso se-ATP (ATP CTP) phambi kokuba bathathe uvavanyo lolwazi lwe-FAA ATP.
- Ikhosi ye-ATP CTP iquka iiyure ze-30 zoqeqesho lwasemhlabeni kunye neeyure ze-10 zoqeqesho lwe-simulator, olugubungela i-aerodynamics, imozulu, kunye nokusebenza kwe-air carrier.
5. Ukuphumelela i-FAA ATP Knowledge Exam
Emva kokugqiba ikhosi ye-ATP CTP, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka baphumelele uvavanyo lolwazi lwe-FAA ATP, oluvavanya ukuqonda kwabo i-aerodynamics ephezulu, imisebenzi yokuphakama okuphezulu, ukucwangciswa kwendiza, kunye nemimiselo yendawo yomoya.
6. Dlula i-ATP CheckRide (Uvavanyo oluSebenzayo)
Isinyathelo sokugqibela yi-FAA ATP checkride, ebandakanya uviwo lomlomo kunye novavanyo lwendiza olwenziwa nguMvavanyi oMiselweyo wePilot (DPE). Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babonise iindlela eziqhubela phambili zokubhabha, iinkqubo zongxamiseko, kunye nemisebenzi enzima yeenqwelomoya zeenjini ezininzi ukufumana isatifikethi sabo se-ATP.
Isishwankathelo Umqhubi wenqwelo moya wezothutho Iimfuno zeSiqinisekiso (uHlaziyo luka-2025)
| Imfuneko | iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Ubuncinci bobudala | Iminyaka engama-23 (21 ye-ATP eMiselweyo) |
| Iiyure zeFlight ezifunekayo | Iiyure eziyi-1,500 zizonke (ezinye izinto ezingaphandle kwabaqhubi beenqwelomoya abaqeqeshwe kwiyunivesiti) |
| Isiqinisekiso sezonyango | Isatifikethi sezoNyango se-FAA sokuqala |
| Ikhosi ye-ATP CTP | Isinyanzelo kubafaki-zicelo bee-ATP zeenjini ezininzi |
| Uviwo olubhaliweyo lwe-FAA | Kufuneka aphumelele uvavanyo loLwazi lwe-ATP |
| Jonga iRide | Uvavanyo lomlomo kunye nendiza kunye nomvavanyi we-FAA |
ISiqinisekiso soLingelo loQhagamshelwano lwezoThutho lweenqwelomoya linyathelo elibalulekileyo kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abajonge ukuba ngabaphathi beenqwelo-moya. Ngokuhlangabezana nezi mfuno ze-FAA, ukugqiba uqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo, kunye nokuphumelela iimviwo ze-ATP, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya banokuzibeka kwindawo eyimpumelelo nenengeniso kwinqwelomoya yorhwebo.
Yintoni iSatifikethi esiMiselweyo se-ATP (R-ATP)?
Isatifikethi soLinge loQhagamshelwano lwezoThutho lweNqwelo-moya eMiselweyo (i-R-ATP) sivumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba basebenze njengamagosa okuqala (abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya) kwiCandelo leenqwelo-moya zeNqanaba le-121 ngaphambi kokuba bafikelele kwimfuneko yamava ohambo ngenqwelo-moya yeeyure ezili-1,500 ezipheleleyo zesatifikethi esiqhelekileyo soLingelo lwezoThutho lweNqwelomoya (ATP). I-FAA yazisa i-R-ATP njengendlela yokunceda abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baqalise imisebenzi yabo yeenqwelo-moya ngokukhawuleza ngelixa beqhubeka nokwakha amava okuhamba ngenqwelomoya afunekayo ukuze baphucule kwisatifikethi esipheleleyo se-ATP.
I-R-ATP yohluke njani kwiSatifikethi esipheleleyo se-ATP?
I-R-ATP ivumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba basebenze njengamagosa okuqala kodwa kungekhona njengabaphathi. Ukuze usebenze njengokapteni wenqwelomoya, abaqhubi beenqwelo moya kusafuneka bafumane isatifikethi esipheleleyo se-ATP xa befikelela kwiiyure ze-1,500 zokubhabha.
Iimfuno ezincitshisiweyo zeyure yenqwelomoya zivumela abaqhubi abafanelekileyo ukuba bafaneleke ngeeyure ezimbalwa njenge-750 yenqwelomoya, ngokuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi yoqeqesho lwabo.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abane-R-ATP kusafuneka bagqibe iNkqubo yoQeqesho lweSiqinisekiso se-ATP (ATP CTP) kwaye baphumelele uvavanyo lolwazi lwe-FAA ATP kunye nokutshekisha.
Ukufaneleka kunye neeMfuno zeyure yeFlight kwi-R-ATP
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka bahlangabezane neendlela ezithile zemfundo noqeqesho ukuze bafanelekele ukufumana isatifikethi se-R-ATP esinobuncinane beyure yokubhabha ecuthiweyo:
| Indlela yoQeqesho | Ubuncinane beeyure zeFlight ezifunekayo |
|---|---|
| Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaqeqeshwe kwezomkhosi | iiyure 750 |
| Isidanga seminyaka emine sokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya kwiDyunivesithi eVunyiweyo yeFAA | iiyure 1,000 |
| Isidanga seminyaka emibini sokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kwiKholeji eVunyiweyo yeFAA | iiyure 1,250 |
| Bonke abanye abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya (i-ATP eqhelekileyo) | iiyure 1,500 |
IiMfuno ezongezelelweyo ze-R-ATP
Ukufumana isatifikethi se-ATP esithintelweyo, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya kufuneka kwakhona:
- Ubuncinci ube neminyaka engama-21 ubudala (endaweni ye-23 ye-ATP epheleleyo).
- Bamba iLayisensi yokuLinga uRhwebo (CPL) kunye noHlelo lweSixhobo.
- Fumana iSatifikethi soNyango sokuQala se-FAA.
- Gqibezela ikhosi ye-ATP CTP kwaye uphumelele uvavanyo lolwazi lwe-FAA ATP.
- Gqibezela ngempumelelo i-FAA yokujonga isiqinisekiso se-ATP.
Kutheni Fumana i-R-ATP?
- Ivumela abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ukuba baqalise ukubhabha kwinqwelomoya kwamsinyane ngelixa beqhubeka nokuloga iiyure zenqwelomoya.
- Inceda ukuvala umsantsa wabaqhubi beenqwelomoya abavela kwiinkqubo zophapho zaseyunivesithi okanye imvelaphi yasemkhosini.
- Ibonelela ngendlela ethe ngqo kwizikhundla zikakapteni weenqwelo-moya xa abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya befikelele kumanqaku eeyure ezili-1,500 kwaye bafanelekele ukufumana iSiqinisekiso esipheleleyo soLingelo lwezoThutho lweenqwelomoya.
ISiqinisekiso soLinge loQhagamshelwano lwezoThutho lweenqwelomoya oluMiselweyo lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya abajonge ukukhawulezisa umsebenzi wabo wenqwelomoya. Ibonelela ngendlela yokuba abagqatswa abafanelekileyo baqalise ukubhabha njengamagosa okuqala kwangethuba, ngelixa beqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko, uqeqesho, kunye nemigangatho yolawulo iyahlangatyezwa.
Kwabo bavela kwinkonzo yasemkhosini okanye kwiinkqubo zenqwelomoya ezivunyiweyo ze-FAA, i-R-ATP ibonelela ngenzuzo ecacileyo ekufikeleleni kwingqesho yenqwelomoya ngokukhawuleza.
Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokwenza uguqulo lwelayisensi yokulinga yangaphandle ngamanyathelo ama-4.
