Altitude Inobata Sei Kuita Kwendege
Iwewe wakambonzwa izwi kukwira kare.
Kune vanhu vazhinji, ingori nzira yekuda kutaura urefu. Rudzi rwekureba rwaunofunga nezvarwo kana wakatarisa mudenga ndege inocheka nemumakore.
Asi urefu mundege ndizvo zvese.
Haisi nyaya yekuti ndege inobhururuka zvakadii. Zviri pamusoro pekuchengetedza, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuchengetedza zvinhu mukutonga kana iwe uri zviuru zvemakumbo mumhepo.
Vatyairi vendege havangofungi nezvehurefu - vanovimba nahwo. Ndiwo mafambiro avanoita, kudzivirira kubonderana, uye kubata nemamiriro ezvinhu asingatarisirwi.
Nhasi, tiri kuputsa zvose. Kubva paurefu hupi mukubhururuka kwendege zvinonyatso kureva kuti nei zvakakosha. Iwe unozodzidzawo nezve mhando dzehurefu, kuyerwa kwadzinoitwa, uye kuti dzinokanganisa sei ndege dzese.
Ngatitangei.
Chii chinonzi Altitude in Aviation?
Kukwirira mundege hakusi kureba chete. Ndiwo muyero chaiwo wekuti ndege iri kure zvakadii kubva pane yakatsanangurwa. Nzvimbo iyoyo inogona kunge iri mwero wegungwa, pasi, kana mumwe muyero zvichienderana nerudzi rwekukwirira kuri kushandiswa.
Iyi haisi nhamba yevatyairi vendege vanotarisa pairi. Ndiyo metric yakakosha inoraira kuti ndege dzinofamba sei mumhepo zvakachengeteka. Ndege yega yega inoshanda pakakwirira kudzivirira kudhumhana uye kugara yakarongeka mukati controlled airspace.
Nei zvichikosha kudaro? Vatyairi vendege vanotsamira pakukwirira pakufamba, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuchengeteka. Semuenzaniso, kufamba nechikepe kunzvimbo dzakakwirira kunoderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta nekuda kwemhepo yakatetepa. Mukutaura kwakapfava, urefu haizi nhamba chete—ndiro musana wendege.
Nei Altitude Yakakosha Mundege?
Altitude ndiyo inochengetedza matenga. Funga nezvekufambiswa kwendege senzira yakaoma kunzwisisa. Pasina kukwira kwendege dzinochengeta pamatanho akasiyana, mugwagwa mukuru iwoyo ungave mhirizhonga yekudhumhana uye mhirizhonga.
Asi kureba kunoita zvinopfuura kungoparadzanisa ndege. Inobata zvakananga kushanda. Pakakwirira, injini dzinomhanya zvakanyanya, asi mweya mutete zvakare unoshandura mashandiro adzinoita. Vatyairi vendege vanofanira kugara vachigadzirisa kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwemafuta, simba reinjini, uye kuchengeteka.
Zvadaro pane kufamba. Altitude inova nechokwadi chekuti ndege dzinonamatira kumitemo yenzvimbo yemhepo, kudzivirira kunetsana nedzimwe ndege. Haisi yekungokwira kana kudzika chete — isystem yakaverengerwa inoita kuti kufamba nendege kuvepo.
Mhando dzeAltitude muAviation
Altitude mundege haisi nhamba imwe chete. Kune marudzi akawanda, rimwe nerimwe richishandisa chinangwa chaicho. Vatyairi vendege vanovimba neizvi kuti vafambe zvakachengetedzeka uye kuve nechokwadi chekuita kwendege kwakakwana. Ngatitarisei mhando huru dzehurefu mukubhururuka uye kuti dzinoshanda sei.
Indicated Altitude
Inoratidzwa altitude ndiyo iyo altimeter zvinoratidza. Inobva pakumanikidzwa kwebarometric yakaiswa nemutyairi wendege isati yasvika kana panguva yekubhururuka. Kuverenga uku kwakakosha pakuchengetedza mazinga endege akagoverwa.
Zvisinei, haisi nguva dzose yakarurama. Kuchinja kwekushisa uye kudzvinyirira kunogona kukanganisa kururama kwayo. Ndosaka vatyairi vendege vachigadzirisa altimeter nguva nenguva kuti ienderane neiyo barometric yenzvimbo. Chiratidzo chakakwirira chikamu chakakosha asi chakakosha chekunzwisisa urefu mukubhururuka.
Chokwadi Altitude
True altitude inoyera kureba kwendege pamusoro pegungwa. Ndiko kureba chaiko uye kunoverengerwa kurongeka. Semuenzaniso, kana ndege ichibhururuka pamamita 35,000, ndiko kureba kwayo chaiko.
Urwu rudzi rwehurefu hwakakosha pakucheneswa kwenzvimbo. Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kuziva kureba kwavo kwechokwadi kudzivirira makomo nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi, kunyanya panguva kusimuka uye kumhara, kana kuti kubhururuka kwepasi. Kurongeka mukukwirira mundege kwakakosha pano.
Pressure Altitude
Pressure altitude inoverengerwa pachishandiswa mwero wepressure setting ye 29.92 inches of mercury (Hg). Inofuratira mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo uye inoshandiswa kana ndege dzichibhururuka munzvimbo dzakakwirira.
Iyi mhando yehurefu yakakosha kune kutungamira kwekufamba kwemhepo. Inoita kuti ndege dzese dzishande pamwero wakafanana wekubhururuka, zvisinei nekusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze. Vatyairi vendege vanovimba nekumanikidzwa kukwira kuti vagare vakachengeteka uye vakarongeka mumatenga.
Density Altitude
Density altitude (density altitude) inoreva kureba kwakaita ndege “senge iri kubhururuka, zvichibva pakuwanda kwemhepo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa netembiricha, mwando, uye kumanikidza.
Kana density altitude iri pamusoro-semunzvimbo dzinopisa kana kuti dzakakwirira-kushanda kwendege kunonetseka. Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kuzvidavirira pane izvi panguva yekusimuka nekumhara kuti vaone kuti ndege yaita sezvaitarisirwa. Ndiko kumwe kutariswa kwakakosha pakukwira mundege.
Absolute Altitude
Absolute altitude inoyera chinhambwe chiri pakati pendege nepasi pasi. Inonzi zvakare "pamusoro pevhu" (AGL). Kusiyana nekukwirira kwechokwadi, inoratidza kuti ndege iri kure sei kubva kumusoro.
Rudzi urwu rwakanyanya kukosha panguva yekubhururuka-pasi-pasi, kusimuka, uye kumhara. Vatyairi vendege vanoshandisa urefu hwakazara kudzivirira zvipingamupinyi uye kuchengetedza kubvumidzwa kwakachengeteka. Ndicho chimwe chezviyero zvinonyanya kushanda zvehurefu mundege yekushanda kwezuva nezuva.
True Altitude vs. Indicated Altitude: Key Differences
Muchikamu chekupedzisira, takaongorora marudzi ehurefu mundege, uye zviri pachena kuti ese anoshanda zvakasiyana. Pakati pawo, kureba kwechokwadi uye kukwirisa kwakaratidzwa pfungwa mbiri dzinokosha mutyairi wese wendege anofanira kunzwisisa.
Kunyange zvazvo zvinganzwika zvakafanana, kusiyana kwavo kunokanganisa kufamba, kubviswa kwenzvimbo, uye kuchengeteka zvachose. Pazasi pane misiyano mitanhatu yakakosha pakati pehurefu hwechokwadi nekukwirira kwakatarwa, kwakatsanangurwa zvakadzama.
Tsanangudzo uye Chiyero
Chokwadi kureba ndiko kureba chaiko kwendege pamusoro pemero yegungwa (MSL). Chiyero chaicho chinoratidza kuti ndege yakakwira zvakadii maringe negungwa.
Yakaratidza urefu, zvisinei, ndizvo zvinoratidzwa nealtimeter. Inobva pakumanikidzwa kwebarometric, inogadziriswa nevatyairi vendege kuratidza mamiriro azvino emuchadenga. Kunyange zvazvo urefu hwechokwadi huri mhedziso, hurefu hwakatarwa hunoenderana nezvirongwa zvekumanikidzwa.
Reference Point
Chokwadi urefu hunogara huchishandisa gungwa sehwaro hwaro. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakagadziriswa uye yepasi rose kuyerwa iyo isingachinji zvisinei nemamiriro.
Chiratidzo chakakwirira, kune rumwe rutivi, chinoreva kumanikidzwa kwemhepo pane imwe nzvimbo kana kuti chiyero che 29.92 inches ye mercury (Hg) pamazinga epamusoro ekubhururuka. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakasiyana-siyana, sezvo zvichivimba nekugadzirisa kwekunze.
Kururama uye Kuvimbika
Urefu hwechokwadi hwakarurama nekuti hunopa hurefu chaihwo pamusoro pemwero wegungwa. Vatyairi vendege vanovimba nayo kuti vaverenge kucheneswa kwenzvimbo uye kuve nechokwadi chekufamba kwakachengeteka pamusoro pezvipingamupinyi.
Chiratidzo chekukwirira, kunyange chichibatsira, hachina kuvimbika pasi pekuchinja kwakanyanya kwemhepo. Inogona kupa kuverenga kwakashata kana altimeter isina kugadziridzwa zvakanaka, kunyanya mumamiriro ekunze akasiyana.
Shandisa muKushanda Kwendege
Urefu hwechokwadi hunonyanya kushandiswa pakuchenesa nzvimbo. Vatyairi vendege vanoishandisa kuti vaone kuti ndege yavo yachengeta chinhambwe chakachengeteka kubva kumakomo, zvikomo, nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi. Zvinonyanya kukosha panguva yekusvika, kusimuka, uye kumhara.
Inoratidzwa urefu, zvisinei, inoshandiswa kuchengetedza mazinga ekubhururuka munzvimbo inodzorwa yemhepo. Zvinobatsira vanodzora traffic mumhepo kupa urefu kune ndege dzakasiyana, dzichiita kuti dzigare dzakaparadzana kuitira kuchengeteka.
Kufurira kweAtmospheric Conditions
Ukwiriri hwechokwadi haukanganiswe nemamiriro ekunze. Kukosha kwaro kunoramba kuripo zvisinei nekupisa kana kudzvinyirira kuchinja, zvichiita kuti ive yakavimbika yekufamba kwenguva refu.
Ukwiriro hunoratidzwa, zvisinei, hunochinja nemamiriro emuchadenga. Vatyairi vendege vanofanira kugara vachigadzirisa altimeter kuti ienderane neiyo barometric pressure kuti vachengetedze kuverenga chaiko.
Kukosha Mukuchengetedzwa Kwendege
Ukwiriri hwechokwadi hunovimbisa kucheneswa kwenzvimbo, zvichiita kuti ive yakakosha kudzivirira zvipingamupinyi uye kuve nechokwadi chekuchengeteka panguva yekubhururuka kwepasi. Pasina kureba kwechokwadi, vatyairi vendege vari panjodzi yekubhururuka zvine ngozi pedyo nepasi kana dzimwe njodzi.
Chiratidzo chakakwirira chinoita basa rakasiyana mukuchengeteka. Inovimbisa kuti ndege dzinochengetedza nhanho dzadzo dzekubhururuka, kudzivirira kudhumhana kwepakati pemhepo. Zvose zviyero zvakakosha, asi zvinoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuchengetedza ndege.
Kunzwisisa urefu hwechokwadi maringe nemakwiriro anoratidzwa kwakakosha kune chero mutyairi wendege. Zviyero zviviri izvi zvinoshanda pamwechete kuchengetedza ndege dzakachengeteka, dzakasimba, uye dzakarongeka. Vatyairi vendege vanofanira kuziva nguva uye mashandisiro avangaita kuti ndege dzese dzishande pasina kukanganisa.
Altitude muAviation: Makwiriro Anoita Kubhururuka Kwendege
Altitude inoita basa rakakosha mukubhururuka nendege. Hazvingotarise kuti ndege irikubhururuka zvakadii—inokanganisa kushanda kwayo zvakanaka kwendege, kugadzikana kwevatyairi, uye kunyange matambudziko anotarisana nevatyairi vendege nemamiriro ekunze uye. kushungurudzika. Ngationgororei kuti urefu hunokanganisa sei kubhururuka munzvimbo idzi.
Kuita Kwendege
Altitude inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuita kwendege. Pakakwirira, mhepo yakatetepa, iyo inoderedza zvuva. Izvi zvinovandudza kushanda kwemafuta, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti ndege dzivhare madaro marefu nemafuta mashoma.
Nekudaro, mhepo yakatetepa inokanganisawo kuita kweinjini. Injini dzinoda huwandu hweokisijeni kuti ishande nemazvo. Pakakwirira, ine mwero weokisijeni wakaderera, injini dzinogona kupera simba kunze kwekunge dzakagadzirirwa kubata iwo mamiriro.
Altitude inosarudzawo kusimuka uye kureba. Munzvimbo dzakakwirira-density dzakakwirira, dzakadai sepanhandare dzendege dzinopisa kana dzakakwirira, ndege dzinoda migwagwa yakareba kuti ikwanise kusimudzwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti kunzwisisa kukwira mundege kuve kwakakosha pakuita kwakachengeteka.
Passenger Nyaradzo
Kukwirira hakungokanganisa ndege chete; zvinokanganisawo vanhu vari muchikepe. Pakakwirira, mhepo yemhepo kunze kwendege yakaderera zvikuru pane yegungwa. Ndosaka makabhini achimanikidzwa kutevedzera nzvimbo yakaderera, kuchengetedza vafambi vakagadzika uye vakachengeteka.
Pasina kumanikidzwa kwakakodzera, vafambi vanogona kusangana nehurwere hwepamusoro, kuneta, kana kupfupika kwekufema. Kuchengeta yakasununguka kabhini urefu kunovimbisa kugara kwavo zvakanaka.
Altitude inokanganisawo ruzha uye mazinga ekudengenyeka. Pakufamba kwechikepe, mhepo yakatetepa inoderedza ruzha rwekunze, ichigadzira kubhururuka kwakanyarara uye kwakapfava. Kunzwisisa kuti urefu hwendege hunokanganisa sei kubhururuka kunobatsira vendege kukoshesa kugarika kwevatyairi.
Mamiriro ekunze uye Kusagadzikana
Altitude inosarudza rudzi rwevatyairi vemamiriro ekunze vanosangana. Semuenzaniso, munzvimbo dzakakwirira, ndege dzinogona kudzivirira madutu uye kuvharika kwemakore, sezvo mamiriro ekunze mazhinji achiitika munzvimbo dzepasi dzemhepo.
Nekudaro, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzinouya nematambudziko adzo, senge mhepo yakajeka. Rudzi urwu rwemhirizhonga haruoneki pa radar uye rinogona kuitika kunyange mumatenga akajeka. Vatyairi vendege vanovimba neruzivo rwavo rwekukwira mundege kuti vatarisire uye kudzikisira mamiriro aya.
Zvishandiso uye Zvishandiso zvekuyera Altitude muAviation
Kuyera kwacho kwakakosha pakubhururuka kwese. Vatyairi vendege vanotsamira pane akati wandei maturusi uye zviridzwa kuona urefu uye kuona mashandiro akachengeteka.
Altimeters
The altimeter ndicho chiridzwa chikuru chinoshandiswa kuyera urefu. Inoshanda nekuona shanduko mumhepo yemuchadenga uye nekuishandura kuita kuverenga kwepamusoro. Vatyairi vanogadzirisa altimeter kuti ienderane neiyo barometric pressure iripo panzvimbo yavo, vachiona kuverenga chaiko.
Altimeters yakakosha pakuchengetedza mazinga ekubhururuka, kudzivirira nzvimbo, uye kuve nechokwadi chekuparadzaniswa pakati pendege. Pasina ivo, kufamba mumatenga kwaizova kusingabviri.
Yemazuvano GPS-Yakavakirwa Altitude Measurement
Kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji kwakatangwa GPS-based altitude systems. Zvishandiso izvi zvinoshandisa data resatellite kuverenga nzvimbo nekukwirira kwendege zvine huronyo hunoshamisa.
Masisitimu eGPS anopa rumwe rutsigiro, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine kuderera kuoneka kana nzvimbo dzakaoma. Vanozadzisa maaltimeters echinyakare, vachipa vatyairi vendege maonero akazara ehurefu hwavo mukubhururuka.
Matambudziko ane chekuita neAltitude muAviation
Altitude mundege haisi yekungobhururuka mudenga. Ndezvekufambisa zvipingamupinyi, kutonga kuita, uye kugara wakachengeteka. Asi kukwira kunouya nematambudziko anoda kunyatsojeka uye hunyanzvi. Ngatidziparadze.
Zvikanganiso muAltimeter Readings
Altimeters haatauri chokwadi nguva dzose. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kana zvisizvo zvigadziriso zvinogona kutungamirira kune yenhema altitude kuverenga.
Izvi zvinoitika kana barometric pressure ikachinja nekukurumidza, senge panguva yemadutu, kana vatyairi vendege vakakanganwa kugadzirisa altimeter kuti ienderane nekumanikidza kwenzvimbo. Kukanganisa kudiki kunogona kukonzera kubhururuka kwakadzika kana kukwira zvakanyanya, zvichiisa ndege panjodzi.
Vatyairi vendege vakadzidziswa kugadziridza maatimita avo nguva nenguva. Ivo zvakare vanovimba nezviridzwa zvekuchengetedza kuyambuka-kutarisa kuverenga uye kuona kuti vanoziva nzvimbo yavo chaiyo.
High-Density Altitude Conditions
Kubhururuka panzvimbo yakakwirira munzvimbo inopisa kana kuti ine mwando hakusi nyore. Mhepo inodzikira, ichideredza kusimudza uye simba reinjini.
Ndege dzinoda nzira refu dzekusimuka uye kumhara mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Vatyairi vendege vanofanirawo kudzikisa huremu, sekumisa vafambi kana kutakura zvinhu, kuti vaone kuti ndege inogona kusimuka zvakanaka.
Semuenzaniso, nhandare dzendege munzvimbo dzine makomo, seDenver, dzinowanzosangana nepamusoro-density mamiriro ekukwirira. Kubhururuka pano kunoda kunyatsoronga uye kuverenga chaiko.
Mhedzisiro paPhysiology Yemunhu
Vanhu havana kugadzirirwa nzvimbo dzakakwirira. Mhepo inodonha, uye okisijeni inodererawo. Pasina kungwarira kwakakodzera, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kudzungu, kuneta, kana hypoxia.
Cabin pressurization inobatsira kudzivirira nyaya idzi nekuchengetedza nzvimbo yakachengeteka, inofema. Asi kana iyo system ikatadza, vafambi nevashandi vanofanirwa kuvimba neokisijeni yekuwedzera.
Vatyairi vanodzidziswa kuziva zviratidzo zvekutanga zve hypoxia uye kuita nekukurumidza. Kudzika kunzvimbo yakachengeteka kunogona kuve musiyano pakati pehupenyu nerufu.
Kufambisa Turbulence
Turbulence ishamwari yemutyairi wendege nguva dzose, kunyanya pakakwirira. Mhepo yakachena-mhirizhonga ndiyo inonyanya kuoma-haionekwe uye hairatidzi pa radar.
Vatyairi vendege vanovimba nemishumo yemamiriro ekunze uye kudzidziswa kwavo kudzivirira nzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga. Pazvinenge zvisingadzivisiki, vanogadzirisa kumhanya kwendege kuti kukwira kuite nyore kune vanofamba.
Yakaderedzwa Injini Kuita
Injini dzinoshanda neokisijeni. Asi nekukwirira kunowedzera, mhepo inoderera, uye injini dzinorasikirwa nekushanda.
Muinjini dzepiston, vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kugadzirisa mafuta-mhepo musanganiswa kuti varambe vachiita basa. Injini dzeJet dzinodawo kugara dzichitariswa kuti dzive nechokwadi chekuti dziri kuburitsa simba rakakwana uchichengetedza mafuta.
Altitude inokanganisa zvakananga mashandiro einjini, zvichiita kuti izvi zvive zvakanyanya kutariswa kumabasa ekubhururuka.
Miganhu Yendege paKunyanya Kuwedzera
Ndege yese ine painogumira. Kubhururuka zvakanyanya kunoderedza kudzora, kunowedzera kumhanya, uye kunoisa kushushikana mundege.
Vatyairi vendege vanoziva sirin'i yebasa rendege uye vanovimbisa kuti havamboipfuriki. Kugara mukati memiganhu yakachengeteka yekukwirira kwakakosha kuti udzivise njodzi dzisiri madikanwa.
Altitude mundege haisi yenhamba chete. Ndezvekukunda matambudziko, kunzwisisa njodzi, uye kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza pamatanho ese.
mhedziso
Kukwirira mundege haungori ruzivo rwehunyanzvi — ndirwo hwaro hwekubhururuka kwakachengeteka uye nemazvo. Kubva pakunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana ehurefu kusvika kumatambudziko ekufambisa senge nyonganyonga uye nepamusoro-density mamiriro, kugona kukwira kwakakosha kumutyairi wese.
Kune vanofarira zvendege, kudzidza nezvehurefu kunopa rutendo rwakadzama rwezvinoitika pamusoro pemakore. Inotaridza kuomarara uye kurongeka kunodiwa kuchengetedza ndege dzakatsetseka uye vafambi vakachengeteka.
Asi ichi chingori chidimbu chimwe chete chemutambo wendege. Pane zvakawanda zvakawanda zvekuongorora, kubva kumafambisirwo ezvifambiso kusvika kumamiriro ekunze uye nezvimwe. Kunyangwe iwe uri mutyairi wendege, mudzidzi, kana kungoda kuziva, ramba uchinyura mune idzi pfungwa.
Matenga akakura, uye pane zvakawanda zvekudzidza nguva dzose.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve maitiro ekushandura rezenisi rezenisi rekunze mumatanho mana.
