ⓘ TL;DR
- Nzira yekumhanya nemotokari dzinotakura vanhu dzinoshanda zvakasiyana zvachose. Nzira dzekumhanya dzinobata kumhanya kukuru kwekusimuka nekumhara. Nzira dzekumhanya dzinobata kufamba kwepasi kunonoka pakati penzvimbo.
- Mavara machena ndeenzira dzekumhanya nendege. Mavara eyero ndeenzira dzekutakura vanhu. Ruvara urwu rwunowanikwa pasi rose uye harugone kutaurwa nezvarwo panhandare yendege yega yega pasi rose.
- Mwenje yebhuruu iri pamucheto wemugwagwa wetekisi. Mwenje yegirini inoratidza mitsetse yepakati pemugwagwa wetekisi. Mwenje michena ndiyo inotsanangura mipendero yemugwagwa wendege. Ruvara urwu runotaurira vatyairi vendege kuti vari papi vasati vaverenga chikwangwani chimwe chete.
- Mutemo we70/50 unopa vatyairi vendege mukana wakaoma wekusarudza panguva yekusimuka. Pakumhanya kwe70 muzana kwekusimuka, hapana anopfuura 50 muzana yenhandare yendege inofanira kushandiswa. Kupotsa nzvimbo yekuchekerera ndege iyoyo wobva warega ipapo ipapo.
- Magadzirirwo mana enzira dzendege, imwe chete, yakafanana, yakavhurika-V, uye inopindirana, imwe neimwe inogadzirisa dambudziko rakanangana nehuwandu hwemotokari, maitiro emhepo, uye nzvimbo iripo.
Zviri Mukati
Kekutanga mufambi paanotarisa nepahwindo oona nzira yakamanikana, mubvunzo wacho unoonekwa pachena: ndeipi nzvimbo yekumhara uye ndeipi yekungosvika ikoko? Mhinduro yacho inokosha kupfuura kungoda kuziva. Kuvhiringidza nzira yekumhanya netekisi hakusi dambudziko remashoko, asi kutadza kuchengetedzeka kwakakonzera zviitiko chaizvo pasi.
Tsananguro zhinji dzinogumira pane zviri pachena: nzira dzekumhanyira ndege ndedzekusimuka nekumhara, nzira dzematekisi ndedzekufamba pakati padzo. Musiyano iwoyo ndewechokwadi asi hauna zvaunobatsira wega. Ruzivo rwechokwadi rwunogara muzvinhu zvakadzama, ruvara rwezviratidzo, mapatani emwenje, pfungwa dziri shure kwemutemo we70/50 unoshandiswa nevatyairi vendege kusarudza kana vachizomisa kusimuka.
Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura mashandiro uye kuchengetedzeka kuri shure kwenzvimbo yega yega, zviratidzo, uye chiedza. Pakupedzisira, uchaziva chaizvo zvinorehwa nemitsetse michena neyero, nei mwenje yebhuruu iri pamutsetse wetekisi, uye kuti mutemo mumwe chete unodzivirira sei kuyambuka kwenzira yendege. Nguva inotevera paunenge uri panhandare yendege, uri mukamuri remutyairi kana pachigaro chepahwindo, uchaverenga nzira yekufamba nayo nenzira yayakagadzirirwa kuverengwa.
Nei Migwagwa Yekumhanya Nematekisi Isina Kufanana
Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti musiyano uripo pakati penzira yekumhanyira ndege nemugwagwa wetekisi ingori nyaya yehupamhi hwemugwagwa. Kufungidzira ikoko kune njodzi.
The nzira yekumhanyira ndege ndiyo nzvimbo yekumhanyira ndege Kusimuka nekumhara. Mugwagwa wetekisi ndiyo nzira yekuti ndege dzifambe pakati penzira dzekumhanya nendege nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenhandare yendege. Idzi hadzisi nzvimbo dzinochinjana dzine mabasa akasiyana ekupenda. Dzinoshanda mabasa akasiyana zvachose, uye kudzivhiringidza kunokonzera njodzi yakananga yekuchengetedzeka.
Nzira yekumhanya yakagadzirirwa kukurumidza uye kudzikira kwemota. Pamusoro payo panofanira kutsungirira simba rese regiya rekumhara pakusvika pasi uye kupisa kweinjini panguva yekubva. Nzira yekutakura vanhu, zvakasiyana, inobata kufamba kwepasi nekukurumidza. Zvinodiwa zvechimiro zvakasiyana. Zvinodiwa zvekubvisa mota zvakasiyana. Muganho wekukanganisa wakasiyana.
Vatyairi vendege vanodzidzira zvakanyanya pamusiyano uyu nekuti mhedzisiro yekukanganisa imwe neimwe yakanyanya kuipa. Nzira yekutakura vanhu haigone kutsigira kushushikana kwekusimuka. Nzira yekumhanya haina kugadzirwa kuti itenderere zvakasimba uye imhanye zvishoma nezvishoma yekufamba pasi. Marongerwo enhandare yendege aripo kuti mabasa aya arambe akasiyana, uye zviratidzo nemwenje zvinosimbisa kupatsanurwa ikoko pese painotenderera.
Kunzwisisa mashandiro epfungwa ari shure kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe ndicho hwaro hwezvimwe zvese, makodhi emavara, masisitimu emwenje, mitemo inodzora kufamba kwese kwese panhandare yendege.
Chena vs Yero: Kodhi Yeruvara Inochengetedza Ndege Dzakachengeteka
Chidzidzo chakakosha chekuchengetedza panhandare yendege ndechekare: chena zvinoreva nzira yekumhanya, yero zvinoreva nzira yetekisi. Kodhi iyi yemavara haina kushongedza. Imutauro wekuona usingakurukuriranwe uyo mutyairi wese wendege anofanira kuverenga ipapo ipapo, kunyanya kana paine kusanyatsoona zvakanaka kana kuti paine kushushikana kwakanyanya.
Zviratidzo zvenzira dzemumugwagwa zvinogara zvichena. nhamba yenhandare yendege, mutsetse wepakati, mitsetse yepakati, yese yakachena. Zviratidzo izvi zvinoudza mutyairi wendege kuti agadzirise sei kuti abve uye amhanye. Zviratidzo zveyero, zvakasiyana, ndezvemigwagwa yetekisi nenzvimbo dzekubatira. Zvinotungamira kufamba kwepasi uye zvinotara miganhu iyo mutyairi wendege asingafaniri kuyambuka asina mvumo.
Musiyano uyu unonyanya kukosha panzvimbo yekumira. Mutyairi wendege achienda kunhandare yendege anoona zviratidzo zveyero zvekumira, zvinowanzova mitsara mina yeyero, miviri yakasimba uye miviri yakapatsanurwa. Kuyambuka mitsara iyoyo pasina mvumo kunopinda munhandare yendege, chimwe chezviitiko zvine njodzi zvikuru mundege. sisitimu yekunyora mavara inobvisa kusanzwisisika. Chena inokuudza kwekuenda nendege. Yero inokuudza kwekuenda kunomira.
Sisitimu iyi inoshanda nekuti inoshanda pasi rose. Mutyairi wendege anopinda panhandare yendege yaasingazive haafanire kufungidzira kuti ndeapi mavara anoshanda panzvimbo ipi. Mavara acho akafanana muTokyo, London, neAtlanta. Kuenderana ikoko ndiko kunoita kuti pave nemusiyano pakati petekisi yenguva dzose netekisi iri pedyo nekupotsa.
Mubvunzo chaiwo hausi wekuti vatyairi vendege vanoziva mavara here kana kuti kwete. Asi ndewekuti vanovimba here nehurongwa hwacho zvekuti vanogona kuita chimwe chinhu pasina kuzeza kana mukana wekukanganisa uchiyerwa mutsoka.
Maitiro Ekuti Runway Markings Inotungamira Sei Kumhara Kwese
Kunyatsojeka kwekumhara kunoenderana nekuti mutyairi wendege anonyatsoverenga sei nzvimbo yakapendwa iri pamberi. Zviratidzo zvemumugwagwa hazvisi zvekushongedza, mutauro wakajairika unoratidza daro, kurongeka, uye nzvimbo chaiyo iyo ndege inofanira kutsika. Mitsetse yese nenhamba zviripo kuti zvisave nekufungidzira panguva iyo mipendero iri mitete.
Sisitimu iyi inoshanda nekuti inoshanda zvakanaka panhandare dzendege pasi rose. Mutyairi wendege anobhururuka achienda kunzvimbo yaasingazive husiku anogona kuvimba kuti zviratidzo zvichataura nyaya imwe chete neyepamba.
Mutsetse wepakati: Chirevo Chikuru cheMutyairi wendege
Mutsetse muchena wepakati unomhanya kureba kwese kwenhandare yendege uye ndicho chinhu chekutanga chinopinzwa nemutyairi wendege panguva yekupedzisira yekusvika. Unopa gwara rinoenderera mberi, richichengetedza ndege yakatarisana nerutivi rwenhandare yendege kunyangwe kana mhepo yakatarisana kana kuti isingaonekwe zvakanaka. Pasina iyo, pese panomhara ndege paizoda kugadziriswa nguva dzose.
Nzvimbo dzeKuvavarira uye Nzvimbo dzeKubata
Maseti maviri ezviratidzo zvichena zverectangular ari pamusoro pechikumbaridzo. Zviratidzo zvekunanga, mitsetse miviri michena yakafara, zvinoudza mutyairi wendege kwekutarisa nzira yekusvika kwendege. Zviratidzo zvenzvimbo yekusvika, mitsetse midiki michena, zvinoratidza nzvimbo chaiyo iyo mavhiri anofanira kusangana nemugwagwa.
Zviratidzo izvi zvinoiswa munzvimbo dzakatarwa kuitira kuti mutyairi wendege agone kuona daro renzira yekumhanya yasara nekungotarisa. Ndiwo musiyano uripo pakati pekumhara zvakanaka nekumhanya.
Mitsetse yeThreshold: Kwatangira Runway
Muganho wacho unoratidzwa nemutsara wemitsara michena yakatwasuka pamutsetse wepakati. Nhamba yemitsara inoratidza upamhi hwenzira yekumhanyira, mitsara mina yehupamhi hwakajairika, mitanhatu yenzvimbo dzakafara.
Izvi zvinoudza mutyairi wendege kuti nzira yekufamba nayo inotangira papi uye kuti chivharo chakabviswa chinogumira papi. Kusanzwisisa chiratidzo ichi zvakanaka kunogona kureva kuti yakamira pedyo nenhandare yendege kana kuti panzvimbo isina kugadzirwa kuti ikwanise kutakura huremu hwendege.
Zviratidzo izvi zvinoumba hurongwa hwakakwana hwekuona hunotungamira zvese kusimuka uye kumharaMutyairi wendege anovanzwisisa anoverenga nzira yekumhanya semepu, kwete mutambo wekufungidzira.
Zviratidzo zveTaxiway Zvinodzivirira Kupinda kweNhandare Yendege
Nguva ine njodzi huru mukushanda kwepasi inoitika kana mutyairi wendege akayambuka mutsetse weyero wakajeka ofunga kuti zvinoreva chinhu chimwe chete nemutsetse wakarukwa. Kupinda kwendege, ndege, mota, kana vanhu vanopinda mumugwagwa vasina mvumo, zvinowanzo dzivirirwa kana vatyairi vendege vakaverenga zviratidzo zvemugwagwa senzira yekuona njodzi pane kushandisa rubatsiro rwekufambisa. . Magwaro eyero aripo kwete ekutungamira kufamba asi ekusimbisa miganhu.
Mitsetse yepakati petaxiway mutsetse mumwe chete weyero unoenderera mberi. Utevere uye ucharamba uri munzira. Asi chivakwa chekuchengetedza chaicho chiri munzvimbo dzakatarwa.
Chiratidzo chenzvimbo yekumira kwendege yendege chine mitsetse mina yeyero, miviri yakasimba nemiviri yakapatsanurwa, yakatarisana nemugwagwa wendege yendege. Mitsetse yakasimba iri parutivi rwemugwagwa wendege, mitsetse yakapatsanurwa iri parutivi rwemugwagwa wendege. Patani iyoyo inoreva kumira pamberi pemitsetse yakasimba, famba chete kana wapfuura yakapatsanurwa. Vatyairi vendege vanoyeuka patani iyi vanobvisa kusanzwisisika kunokonzera kupinda kwendege.
Kuisa chiratidzo chenzvimbo yakakosha yeILS kunowedzera rimwe jira. Inoshandisa pateni yeyero yemanera, nhevedzano yemitsetse yeyero yakapatsanurwa pakati pemitsetse miviri yakafanana, kuratidza apo ndege kana mota inogona kukanganisa chiratidzo chemuchina wekumhara.
Kumira kure nechiratidzo ichi kunodzivirira nzira yekusvika kwendege pakupera. Kupinda kwakawanda munzvimbo dzakakosha dzeILS kunoitika nekuti vatyairi vendege vanoiona senzira kwete senzira yekuzviita. chinzvimbo chinosungirwa kubata.
Zviratidzo zvemumucheto wetaxiway zvinouya nenzira mbiri. Mitsetse miviri yero inoenderera mberi inoratidza mupendero wakagadzirwa nematombo, gara pakati pawo. Mitsetse yero imwe chete inoratidza mupendero usina nzira panogumira pamusoro. Zvose izvi inyevero, kwete nhungamiro. Mutyairi wendege anoona zviratidzo zvese zveyero semuganhu kwete semutungamiriri anenge atokunda hafu yehondo yekupikisa kupinda kwendege.
Mwenje yeRunway neTaxiway: Zvinoreva Ruvara Rwega Rwega
Zviratidzo zvinorasikirwa nebasa razvo kana zvisingaonekwe zvakanaka, inova ndiyo nguva chaiyo iyo mwenje inotora nzvimbo senzira huru yekuchengetedza. Ruvara rwemwenje runoratidza maitiro ezviratidzo asi runowedzera chikamu chakakosha: bhuruu negirini zvinongowanikwa chete mumigwagwa yetekisi, nepo chena ichinyanya kupararira munzira dzekumhanya. Kuziva mavara aya nekukurumidza ndiko kunoita kuti kufamba kwepasi kuchengetedzeke kana mhute, mvura, kana rima zvichibvisa nzvimbo dzinoonekwa.
| Chiedza Rudzi | ruvara | nzvimbo | chinangwa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mwenje yemumucheto werunway | Chena | Kumativi ese enzira yekumhanya | Tsanangura miganhu yerutivi rwekusimuka nekumhara |
| Mwenje wepakati pemugwagwa wepanhandare yendege | Chena / Tsvuku | Yakabatanidzwa pakati penzira yekumhanyira ndege | Ipa gwara rekugadzirisa zvinhu panguva yekusaona zvakanaka |
| Marambi emumucheto wetaxiway | Bhuruu | Pamucheto pemigwagwa yetekisi | Maka muganhu wemugwagwa wetekisi unoshandiswa pakufamba pasi |
| Mwenje wepakati pemugwagwa wetaxiway | Girinhi | Yakabatanidzwa pakati penzira yekutakura vanhu | Tungamira ndege munzira chaiyo kuenda nekudzoka kunhandare yendege |
Mwenje yebhuruu inopenya mumigwagwa yetaxiway ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kumutyairi wendege ari kuchinja kubva panhandare yendege kuenda panhandare yendege mushure mekumhara. Kuona chiedza chebhuruu ichocho zvinoreva kuti ndege yabuda panhandare yendege iri kushanda uye yadzoka panzvimbo yakagadzirirwa kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvisina njodzi.
The sisitimu yemavara emwenje yendege zviri nyore nemaune nekuti nguva inonyanya kukosha ndiyo nguva iyo mutyairi wendege asina nguva yakawanda yekufunga.
Mutemo we70/50: Muganho wekuchengetedza Unoshandiswa neMutyairi Wese
Vatyairi vendege vazhinji havambofungi nezvemutemo we70/50 kusvika vauda, uye panguva iyoyo zvinenge zvatononoka kudzidza. Hurongwa uhwu hwekuita sarudzo huripo nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero: kusimuka ndicho chikamu chakakosha chekubhururuka, uye kufungidzira kana uine nzira yakakwana yekubhururuka haisiriyo nzira yakakodzera kubhejera.
Mutemo wacho uri nyore kwazvo. Panguva iyo ndege inosvika pakumhanya kwayo kwakarongwa, mutyairi wendege anotarisa kana ndege yadarika kureba kwenzira yekumhanya. Kana isina, kusimuka kunomiswa ipapo ipapo. Hapana kuzeza. Hapana kufungidzira.
Chinoita kuti mutemo uyu ushande ndechekuti unobata matambudziko nekukurumidza zvekuti unomira zvakachengeteka. Kubhururuka kwakarambwa nekumhanya kwakanyanya kunodya nzira yendege nekukurumidza. Nzvimbo yekutarisa ye70/50 iri panzvimbo iyo ndege ichiri nedaro rakakwana kuti imhanye nekumira nzira isati yapera. Hapana hwindo iroro, uye sarudzo dzinobva dzaoma kusvika dzakaipisisa.
Kumhanya kwendege panguva yekusimuka hakuwanzoitiki nekuti ndege yaisagona kubhururuka. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti mutyairi wendege akazvipira kusimuka asi kwakanga kusiri kushanda ndokubuda pasina nzvimbo yekumira. Mutemo we70/50 unobvisa fungidziro kubva pachisarudzo ichocho. Unotsiva tariro nenzvimbo yakaoma yekutarisa.
Mutyairi wendege wese anodzidza mutemo uyu nemusoro. Avo vanorarama nebasa ravo ndivo vanoushandisa.
Maitiro mana eNhandare Yendege Anoshandiswa Nese
Magadzirirwo anoitwa nhandare yendege anoratidza zvakawanda nezvezvinodiwa nemotokari uye maitiro emhepo yemuno kupfuura chero imwe sarudzo yedhizaini. Magadzirirwo aya haasi ega, rimwe nerimwe rinogadzirisa dambudziko rekushanda iro magadzirirwo akasiyana angaita kuti riwedzere kuipa.
- Nzira imwe chete yekumhanyira: mutsetse mumwe chete unobata zvese zvinosvika nezvinosimuka
- Nzira dzekumhanya dzakafanana: migwagwa miviri kana kupfuura iri kufamba nenzira imwe chete
- Nzira dzekumhanyira dzeV-Open: mitsetse miviri inoungana kune rimwe divi asi inosiyana kune rimwe divi
- Nzira dzekumhanyira dzinosangana: mitsetse miviri inoyambukana neimwe nzira
Chisingaratidzike pane rondedzero iyi inyaya yekusiyana kwesarudzo imwe neimwe. Nzira dzekumhanyira imwe chete ndidzo dziri nyore uye dzakachipa, asi dzinovhara nzira yekumhanyira, imwe yekumhara inovhara rwendo runotevera. Nzira dzekumhanyira dzakafanana dzinogadzirisa izvozvo nekubvumira kushanda panguva imwe chete, asi dzinoda nzvimbo yakakwana yevhu nenzvimbo yemhepo kuti nzvimbo dzacho dzirambe dzakaparadzana zvakachengeteka.
Magadzirirwo eOpen-V anobata mhepo dzinoyambuka zviri nani pane maparallel strips nekuti vatyairi vendege vanogona kusarudza nzira yendege inoenderana nemhepo. Nzira dzendege dzinopesana inzira dzinoita kuti nhandare dzendege dzive nezvivakwa zvishoma, asi dzinounza dambudziko rekubatana: imwe nzira yendege inofanira kubatwa imwe ichiri kushanda.
Nguva inotevera paunoona nhandare yendege kubva kumusoro, tarisa marongerwo ayo wobvunza kuti dambudziko riri kugadziriswa ripi. Chikamu chimwe chete panhandare yendege yemunharaunda chinokuudza kuti mota dziri shoma uye dzinofungidzirwa. Nzira dzinofamba nendege dzakafanana pachiteshi chikuru dzinokuudza kuti huwandu hwendege ndihwo hunonyanya kukosha. Magadzirirwo acho ndiwo maitiro enhandare yendege akanyorwa neasphalt.
Kuziva Nezvenzvimbo yeNhandare Yendege
Kunzwisisa mashandiro ari shure kwemutsara muchena wega wega nechiedza chebhuruu kunoshandura maonero aunoita nhandare yendege. Zvaitaridzika senzira yekufamba netsoka isina kurongeka zvino zvinoonekwa senzira yekuchengetedza yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira chikonzero chinowanzoitika chezviitiko zvendege: kuvhiringidzika pakati penzvimbo dzendege nedzemotokari.
Kune vatyairi vendege, ruzivo urwu runotsiva kuongorora kwendege nekutarisira nechivimbo. Kune vafambi nevanofarira, zvinoshandura kufamba pamusoro petarmac kana chigaro chehwindo kuita chidzidzo chenguva chaiyo chekushanda nemazvo. Nguva inotevera paunokwira ndege, tarisa ndege ichifamba kubva pagedhi ichienda kunhandare yendege. Kutendeuka kwega kwega, kubata kwega kwega, kuchinja kwese kwechiedza kunotevera mutemo waunonzwisisa ikozvino.
Tarisa mitsetse yeyero nguva inotevera paunenge uri panhandare yendege. Haisi yekushongedza. Ndiyo muganhu uripo pakati pekufamba nekubhururuka. Musiyano iwoyo ndiwo musiyano uripo pakati pekubva nguva dzose nekupinda kwendege.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve Kushanda Kwemigwagwa Yemumugwagwa Nematekisi
Musiyano uripo pakati penzira yekumhanyira ndege nemugwagwa wetekisi ndeupi?
Nhandare yendege inzvimbo yakatsaurirwa panosimuka ndege nekumhara, nepo mugwagwa wetekisi uri nzira inobatanidza nhandare dzendege nechiteshi, mahanga, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzendege dzekufamba pasi. Chinhu chinonyanya kuonekwa iruvara: zviratidzo zvenhandare yendege zvichena, uye zviratidzo zvenhandare yendege zviyero, hurongwa hwakagadzirirwa kubvisa kusanzwisisika chero kupi panguva yekuchinja kwakakosha.
Ndedzipi mhando ina dzenzira dzekumhanyira ndege?
Nzira ina huru dzendege dzinomira nendege imwe chete, dzakafanana, dzakavhurika-V, uye dzinosangana, imwe neimwe inosarudzwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemotokari dzinofamba nendege uye mapatani emhepo aripo. Nzira imwe chete yendege inomira nendege ine traffic shoma, nepo nzira dzendege dzakafanana dzichibvumira kusimuka nekumhara panguva imwe chete panzvimbo dzakabatikana dzakadai seAtlanta kana Chicago O'Hare.
Ndeupi mutemo makumi matatu nemasere?
Mutemo we70/50 ndewekutarisa danho rekusimuka: kana ndege yasvika 70% yekumhanya kwayo kubva pakusimuka, mutyairi wendege aisafanira kunge akashandisa 50% yehurefu hwenzvimbo yekumhanyira ndege iripo. Kana mamiriro iwayo asina kuzadzikiswa, mutyairi wendege anomira kusimuka nekukurumidza kudzivirira kuti nhandare yendege isamhanye zvakanyanya.
