Nguva Yokunyora Nguva Yekuyambuka Nyika Pasi peMitemo yeFAA

Kune zvakawanda zvinodiwa nemagwaro ekuUS uye mareti, nyora nguva yekuyambuka nyika chete kana ndege iine kumhara kwemakiromita anopfuura makumi mashanu egungwa, mutsetse wakatwasuka, kubva panzvimbo yekutanga yekubva. Mutemo mumwe chete iwoyo, wakabva 14 C.F.R. 61.1, inodzora ruzhinji rwezvinyorwa zvepachivande, zvemidziyo, uye zvebhizinesi. Zvitupa zvakawanda zvinoshandisa chiyero chakasiyana zvachose.

• Vatyairi vemitambo verenga nguva yekuyambuka nyika pamuganhu we25 nm.
• Vatyairi veRotorcraft neparachute vane simba zvigaro zvechiso zve 25 nm uye 15 nm, zvichiteerana.
• Vanyoreri veATP nevatyairi vendege dzemauto inogona kupa nguva yekuyambuka nyika isina chinodiwa chekumhara pasi petsananguro yakashandiswa pachitupa ichocho.

Tsika yakachengeteka panguva yekudzidziswa ndeyekuchengetedza: nyora ndege seyakayambuka nyika mubhuku rako renhoroondo chete kana ichizadzisa mutemo we50 nm wechitupa chauri kutsvaga, uye shandisa koramu yemashoko kana nzvimbo yakasarudzika kuti unyore chero imwe nzira yekubhururuka yekufamba nenyika yawakaita. Nenzira iyi, muongorori wecheki kana mushandirwi weramangwana haafanire kufungidzira kuti sei ndege yakanyorwa kana kuti isina kunyorwa XC.

Zvitsva Zvitsva

Kunyora nguva kubva munyika imwe kuenda kune imwe kunoenderana zvachose netsanangudzo yechitupa chipi chinoshanda, uye kunyora nguva kubva kune imwe kuenda kune imwe, kwakavakirwa pamashoko, kunodzivirira gakava rese rinomuka panguva dzekutarisa kana panguva yekuhaya vashandi.

Zviri Mukati

• Tsanangudzo dzeFAA dziri shure kwezvinodiwa zveLog Cross Country Time
• Kududzirwa Kwemutemo kweFAA Kunogadzirisa Makakatanwa Ekunyora Nyaya
• Maitiro Ekunyora Nguva Yekuyambuka Nyika Nhanho Nenhanho
• Nyaya Dzakakosha Dzinochinja Mitemo Yenguva Yekuyambuka Nyika
• Mienzaniso Yakashanda Yekutema Nzendo Dzemunyika Dzinoyambuka
• Kugadzirisa Mabhuku Emagetsi Ekutevera Nguva Dzemunyika Dzese
• Maitiro eFlightschoolusa Anovaka Kurangana kweLogbook Mukudzidziswa
• Chinyorwa Pamusoro Petsika Dzekuchengetedza Kutema Matanda
• Dzidzisa Nechikoro Chinovaka Kuranga Kwebhuku Rekunyora
• Sources

Tsanangudzo dzeFAA dziri shure kwezvinodiwa zveLog Cross Country Time

FAA haishandisi tsananguro imwe chete yenguva yekuyambuka nyika. Inoshandisa dzinoverengeka, uye kuti ndeipi inoshanda zvinoenderana nekuti uri kushandisa nguva yacho pai. 14 CFR 61.1(b)(3) ndiyo mutemo wekusimbisa, asi inopararira muzvikamu zvidiki, imwe neimwe yakabatana nechitupa chakasiyana kana mamiriro ekushanda. Kuzvibata zvese sezvinogona kuchinjana ndicho chikanganiso chinowanzoitwa nevadzidzi vekunyora.

Ndima diki (b)(3)(i) inosanganisira tsananguro huru: nguva inounganidzwa panguva yekubhururuka inoitwa nemunhu ane chitupa chemutyairi wendege, pakati penzvimbo yekubva nepakumhara achishandisa dead counting, pilotage, electronic navigation aids, radio aids, kana mamwe masisitimu ekufambisa. Ndima diki (ii) inopfupisa zvinhu kune vanonyorera zvega, zvekutengeserana, uye zvekushandisa, zvichida kuti kumhara kupfuure 50 nm kubva panzvimbo yekutanga yekusimuka. Dzimwe ndima diki dzinotaura nezvemitambo yevatyairi vendege, rotorcraft, uye powered parachute operations, imwe neimwe ine daro diki.

Heano mavhezheni manomwe anoshanda evatyairi vendege vanofamba netsoka vachiyambuka nyika:

1. Tsananguro yepamutemo yakajairika inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu61.1(b)(3)(i), isina daro diki rakabatanidzwa.
2. Mutemo wepachivande/wekutengeserana/wezviridzwa, inoda kumhara kupfuura 50 nm.
3. Mutemo wekutyaira mitambo, yakaiswa pa 25 nm.
4. Muyero we rotorcraft, zvakare 25 nm.
5. Chiyero cheparachute chinoshandiswa nemagetsi, pa 15 nm.
6. Muyero weATP, izvo zvinoderedza zvachose kukosha kwekumhara.
7. Zvisizvo zviri muchiuto uye muzvitsuwa pasi pemitemo yakafanana ne61.111, iyo inoshandura mutemo wemamiriro chaiwo enzvimbo kana sevhisi.

Ikoko kwakasiyana-siyana kwenguva imwe chete. Chidzidzo chinoshanda: usati wanyora gwaro rendege senzira yekuyambuka nyika, bvunza kuti uri kunyora gwaro ripi kana kuti rating ipi. nokutiNdege inozadzisa tsanangudzo yeATP ingasazadzisa tsanangudzo yemutyairi wendege, uye zvinopesana. Ndokusaka ndege yeAOPA pachayo gwara rebhuku renhoroondo inokurudzira kunyora ndege yega yega kubva panzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe mukoramu yepakati penyika, wobva washandisa mashoko ekuratidza kuti ndeipi nzira chaiyo inobviswa nendege yega yega. Rondedzero imwe chete, mashandisirwo akawanda mune ramangwana. Tsika iyoyo inokudzivirira kubva pakugadzirisazve ndege dzekare mwedzi kana makore gare gare kana mushandirwi kana DPE akakumbira humbowo.

Kududzirwa Kwemutemo kweFAA Kunogadzirisa Makakatanwa Ekunyora Nyaya

Mitemo inokuudza mutemo wacho. Dudziro dzepamutemo dzinokuudza kuti FAA inoshandisa sei kana vatyairi vendege vakabvunza mibvunzo yakaoma. Dudziro dzakawanda dzinokosha zvikuru pano, uye kudzidudza nemazita panguva yekuongorora kana ongororo yemushandirwi zvine simba guru.

The Dudziro yemutemo yeFAA ye2009 pakunyora PIC nenguva yekuyambuka nyika inopindura mubvunzo unogumbura vadzidzi vese vekushandisa michina: kubhururuka nemakumbo akawanda kunoverengwa here sekufamba nenyika kana gumbo rimwe chete richipfuura 50 nm? Mhinduro ndeyekuti hongu, chero bedzi kubhururuka kwese kuchisanganisira kumhara kweanopfuura 50 nm kubva panzvimbo yekutanga yekubva. Haudi gumbo rega rega kuti ribude kure. Unoda kuti kubhururuka, serumwe chete, kuve nekumhara ikoko kunokodzera.

Musiyano uripo pakati pe "ndege" ne "gumbo" unokosha nekuti manyorerwo aunoita miganhu yendege mubhuku rako rekunyora ndiwo anosarudza kana uchikwanisa kudzivirira kupinda kwendege gare gare. Kana ukanyora makumbo matatu akasiyana sendege nhatu dzakasiyana, waputsa cheni inoenderana nedudziro yeFAA. Nyora rwendo rwakazara sendege imwe chete ine nzvimbo dzakawanda, uye nyora daro rendege inokodzera mumashoko.

Dudziro yemutemo ya2016 inosanganisira kunyorwa kwekuchengetedza kwemutyairi wendege inogadzirisa kusanzwisisika kwakasiyana. Mutyairi wendege wekuchengetedza, achishanda senhengo yechikwata chinodiwa panguva yekubhururuka kwemidziyo inoedzeswa, kazhinji haakwanise kunyora nguva yekuyambuka nyika inoverengerwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemvumo yemutyairi iyeye. Sei? Nekuti kunyora nguva yekuyambuka nyika kune akawanda mamvumo kunoda kushanda semutyairi wendege yese, uye mutyairi wendege wekuchengetedza kazhinji haasi kushandisa simba rePIC pamusoro penzira yese, achingoita basa rechikwata chinodiwa panguva yekuedzeswa kweIFR.

Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha kufunga nezvazvo pa logbook yako:

• Mutyairi wendege anofambisa nzira yekufananidzira yemudziyo pasi pehood, achishanda semunhu anochinjisa uye anodzora ndege nePIC, ndiye anowanzo nyora nguva yekuyambuka nyika.
• Mutyairi wendege anogona kunyora nguva yekubhururuka nenguva inodiwa nevashandi, asi haafanire kuinyora yega sechiratidzo chenguva yekuyambuka nyika kuenda kune chitupa chake pasina kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nePIC nedaro zviri zvega.

Maitiro Ekunyora Nguva Yekuyambuka Nyika Nhanho Nenhanho

Bhuku rekuchengetedza rine magwaro akafanana, kungave uri kubhururutsa mapepa kana kuti app. Gadzirisa minda iyi nguva dzese uye hauzombofaniri kugadzirisa ndege kubva mundangariro yako panguva yekutarisa.

1. Zuva uye kuzivikanwa kwendege. Minda yakajairika, asi kuenderana kunokosha kana muongorori achitarisa bhuku rako renhoroondo yendege achienzanisa nezvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza ndege.
2. Nzira yekubhururuka. Nyora zviratidzo chaizvo zvekusimuka, kumira, uye kwaunoenda, kwete kungonyora "nzvimbo yemuno" kana tsananguro dzisina kujeka.
3. Nguva yose yekubhururuka uye koramu yekuyambuka nyika. Isa chete mukoramu yeXC kana ndege yasvika pamuganho chaiwo wechitupa chauri kutevera. Kana usina chokwadi, siya chisina chinhu wobva washandisa mashoko panzvimbo pezvo.
4. Zita rePIC/SIC. Zvinokosha zvikuru kana wakabhururutsa chero chikamu chendege semutyairi wendege wekuchengetedza kwete semunhu anokudzora wega.
5. Kufamba kure. Mabhuku mazhinji emagetsi ekunyora nhoroondo anozviverengera ega; vanonyora mapepa vanofanira kunyora daro rakatwasuka kubva pakubva kuenda kunzvimbo iri kure yekumhara.
6. Mashoko. Apa ndipo panowanikwa magwaro chaiwo. Mashoko akadai sekuti “XC >50 nm, KABC kuenda kuKXYZ zvakananga, GPS nav” anopa chero muongorori wemangwana zvese zvavanoda mumutsara mumwe chete.

Kana ndege yekudzidzira iine nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekumira, inyore sendege imwe chete ine nzira yakazara mumashoko pane kuipatsanura kuita nzvimbo dzakasiyana, chero bedzi imwe chete ichikwanisa kusvika 50 nm kubva pakutanga. Kuipatsanura kuita makumbo asina kusanganiswa kunogona kubvisa netsaona humbowo hwakaita kuti ndege ikwanise kukwira pakutanga.

Pro Tip: Chengeta template yekutaura yakamira yakagadzirira, chimwe chinhu chakaita sekuti “XC [daro] nm, [nzira], [nzira yekunav] — inosangana ne [chitupa] threshold.” Kushandisazve fomati imwechete mundege yega yega kunoita kuti logbook yako ikwanise kuskenwa ipapo ipapo nechero DPE kana maneja wekubhadhara, uye zvinotora masekondi gumi kupfuura kunyora chero chinhu zvachose.

Bata makopi akadhindwa kana kutumirwa kunze kwenyika endege yega yega yekudzidziswa, kunyanya usati waenda kunotsvaga basa kana kunyorera basa. Gwaro reAOPA rinokurudzira kuti mabhuku ekunyora agare aripo kuti akwanise kushandiswa uri wega, uye izvozvo zvinozobatsira gare gare kana mushandi wePart 135 akakumbira humbowo hwemaawa ako ese ekufamba munyika.

Nyaya Dzakakosha Dzinochinja Mitemo Yenguva Yekuyambuka Nyika

Havasi vese vane chitupa chinoshandisa mutemo we50 nm, uye kuubatanidza ndipo panopinda vadzidzi mumatambudziko. Mapoka mashoma anofanirwa kuteverwa zvakasiyana mubhuku rako renhoroondo kubva pazuva rekutanga.

• Vanyoreri veATP inogona kunyora nguva yekuyambuka nyika isina chinodiwa chekumhara zvachose pasi petsananguro chaiyo yeATP, zvinoreva kuti ndege dzakananga kubva nekudzoka kana ndege dzisingambomhara kubva pabhesi dzinogona kuverengwa. Nyora nzira yacho uye daro rese zvakadaro. Izvi zvinobvisa kusanzwisisika kana dhipatimendi rezvinyorwa rekambani yendege inohaya rikabvunza mibvunzo gare gare.
• vatyairi vemauto shanda pasi pemitemo yekunyora matanda munyika dzakasiyana-siyana iyo inowanzoenderana nenzira yeATP. Kana uri kuchinja kubva muchiuto kuenda kuchitupa chehurumende, chengeta chinyorwa chakajeka chekuti ndedzipi ndege dzinosangana nezvinodiwa zvehurumende 61.1 zvichienzaniswa nezvinodiwa zvemauto chete.
• Vatyairi vemitambo shanda ne threshold ye 25 nm. Rotorcraft vatyairi vendege vane chiratidzo chimwe chete che25 nm. Parachuti ine simba vatyairi vendege vanoshandisa mwero wakaderera we15 nm. Kusanganisa izvi nemutemo we50 nm wepachivande/wekutengesa ndeimwe yezvikanganiso zvinowanzo itika mu cross-reference logs dzekudzidzisa dzakagovaniswa.
• Vashandi vechikamu 135 vanowanzoisa zvinodiwa zvavo zvekufamba munyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye husiku pamusoro peFAA, saka tevera nguva yeXC yehusiku mukoramu yakatsaurirwa kana uri kugadzira maawa ekushanda nebasa rekuchaja kana rekutakura ndege.
• Kunze kwekudzidziswa kunobva kuchitsuwa pasi pe61.111 chinja mutemo wekudzidziswa kwevatyairi vendege munzvimbo dzisina kurongeka kwe50 nm. Izvi zvinouya nemiganhu chaiyo yesitifiketi, saka verenga mutauro chaiwo wekutonga usati wafunga kuti unoshanda kunzvimbo yako yekudzidzira.

Mienzaniso Yakashanda Yekutema Nzendo Dzemunyika Dzinoyambuka

Kuona mutemo uchishandiswa pakubhururuka chaiko kunobvisa kuvhiringidzika kukuru pane kuverenga mutemo kaviri.

1. Kubhururuka nemakumbo akawanda, rimwe chete rekudzidzira. Unobva panhandare yendege yako yekumba, wobva wagara panzvimbo iri 30 nm kure kuti ugadzire mapatani, wobva waenderera mberi uchienda kunzvimbo iri 65 nm kubva pawakatanga kuenda usati wadzokera kumba. Nyora izvi sendege imwe chete inoenderera mberi. Mumashoko ako, nyora kuti “XC >50 nm, [kumba]–[kumira]–[kwaunoenda]–[kwaunoenda],” nhanho yekukwira ndege yese inozadzisa mutemo we50 nm kunyangwe danho rekutanga risingadaro.
2. Ndege yeIFR inofambiswa nemapurisa inobatsirwa nemutyairi wendege. Mutyairi wendege ari pasi pehood, achishanda semunhu anomudzora uye anotungamira PIC, anonyora nguva yekuyambuka nyika kana ndege yasvika padanho rekure. Mutyairi wendege anodzivirira anonyora nguva yekubhururuka uye nguva inodiwa nevashandi asi haanyore chikwereti chekuyambuka nyika kune chitupa chake chekubva kundege iyoyo chete.
3. Ndege isina kumhara seyeATP. Kubhururuka kwe55 nm kubuda nekudzoka pasina kumhara kubva pachigadziko. Pasi petsananguro yeATP, izvi zvinogona kuverengwa senguva yekuyambuka nyika. Nyora nepfungwa yakaita sekuti “XC (tsananguro yeATP), hapana kumhara kubva pachigadziko, 55 nm daro rese” saka kupinda kwacho hakuna kujeka makore akazotevera.

Kugadzirisa Mabhuku Emagetsi Ekutevera Nguva Dzemunyika Dzese

Vatyairi vazhinji vanoshanda vava kutevera maawa ebasa nedhijitari, uye mapurogiramu aya anoita kuti kunyora magwaro nenzira yakarurama munyika dzakasiyana kuve nyore kana ukaaisa nemazvo kubva pakutanga.

• Batidza kuverenga daro otomatiki kuitira kuti app iverenge daro rakatwasuka kubva pakubva kuenda kunzvimbo yekumhara iri kure pasina masvomhu nemaoko.
• Wedzera munda wakagadzirwa wakanyorwa chimwe chinhu chakaita sekuti “XC >50 nm” chakaparadzana nekoramu yemuchadenga, kuitira kuti ugone kuratidza miganhu yakatarwa nesitifiketi pasina kukanganisa gwaro repasi.
• Shandisa template imwechete yekutaura nguva dzese. Nhungamiro yeForeFlight yebhuku renhoroondo inokurudzira kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzeCross Country neDistance nguva dzose kunyanya kuitira kuti zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvirambe zvakachena uye zvakagadzirira kuongororwa.
• Gara uchichengetedza logbook yako nguva dzose uye tumira PDF usati waongorora bvunzo, kuitira kuti usazombofa wakaedza kuratidza kuti wapedza maawa akawanda husiku bvunzo isati yaitwa.

Pro Tip: Tumira PDF yakachena yendege yega yega yakanyorwa kuti “XC >50 nm,” ine makoramu enzira nedaro zvichionekwa, vhiki imwe chete usati waenda kunoongorora rwendo rwako, kwete husiku hwapfuura. Vaongorori dzimwe nguva vanobvunza mibvunzo yakajeka nezvendege dzakati, uye kuva neuchapupu hwakadhindwa muruoko kunogumisa hurukuro mumasekonzi mashoma.

Maitiro eFlightschoolusa Anovaka Kurangana kweLogbook Mukudzidziswa

Kunyora magwaro zvakanaka munyika dzakasiyana siyana hakusi chinhu chinozofungwa paFlightschoolusa. Ichikamu chesirabhasi kubva parwendo rwekutanga rwemunhu mumwe chete kuenda kunyika dzakasiyana siyana zvichienda mberi, nekuti mabhuku ekunyora asina kurongeka anokonzera kusawirirana kukuru panguva yekutarisa mafambiro endege uye panguva yekuhaya makambani endege.

• Flightschoolusa ine simba rekuzviongorora, ichibvumira kufamba kweFAA mukati mechikoro pasina nguva refu yekumirira iyo vadzidzi vazhinji vanosangana nayo kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
• Vadzidzi vanogona kufambira mberi kubva paPrivate Pilot License kuburikidza neATP mumaawa mashoma se111 ekudzidziswa kwendege.
• Chikoro ichi chinoenderera mberi nekupasa kekutanga kupfuura 90% pabvunzo dzeFAA.
• Varairidzi vanodzidzisa matemplate ekudzokorora akajairika uye maitiro ekunyora magwaro sechikamu chenguva dzose chekudzidzisa pasi, kwete session yekupedza nguva yekutarisa.

Chinyorwa Pamusoro Petsika Dzekuchengetedza Kutema Matanda

Muedzo panguva yekudzidziswa ndewekunyora pasi nemaoko ako, uchinyora chero chinhu chinoita sendege yekuyambuka nyika seimwe. Tsika iyoyo inodzokera shure kana DPE kana muongorori wezvinyorwa zvendege akakukumbira kuti utaure zvikonzero zvekupinda kwako.

Nzira iri nani ndeyekusiyana: nyora pasi nenzira yekuchengetedza, nyora ndege senzira yekuyambuka nyika chete kana yasvika padanho rekuti chitupa chako chisvike, uye shandisa mashoko ekuchengetedza zvimwe zvese. Inzira diki inobvisa kusawirirana panguva yekushanya uye panguva yekuhaya ongororo, nekuti hapana musiyano uripo pakati pezvinotaurwa nebhuku rako rekunyora nezvinodiwa nemutemo.

— Rainer

Dzidzisa Nechikoro Chinovaka Kuranga Kwebhuku Rekunyora

Flightschoolusa inokupa nzira inokurumidza uye yakachena yekuwana zvitupa zvako pane kubatanidza kudzidziswa panguva yako wega, neruzivo rwe logbook uye magwaro e checkride akavakirwa musyllabus kubva parwendo rwako rwekutanga rwekuenda kunofamba wega. Nekuti academy ine Self Examining Authority, unotora FAA checkrides yako mumba pane kumirira mavhiki kuti uwane nzvimbo yekuongororwa kunze, uye nzira yakarongeka kubva kuPrivate Pilot License kuenda kuATP mumaawa mashoma se111 zvinoreva kuti logbook yako inoramba yakarongeka kubva pazuva rekutanga pane kuva dambudziko rekugadzirisa usati waongorora vashandi.

Kana wagadzirira kudzidzira kune imwe nzvimbo inobata kunyora magwaro kwakarurama sechikamu chedzidzo, kwete kufunga nezvekupedzisira, ongorora mapurogiramu ekudzidzisa eFlightschoolusa uye ona kuti ndeipi nzira yesitifiketi inoenderana nenguva yako.

Sources

• 14 CFR 61.1 — Tsanangudzo
• Dudziro yepamutemo (2009) — kunyora PIC nenguva yekuyambuka nyika
• Mabhuku ekunyora uye nguva yekunyora - Mushumo wenyaya weAOPA
• Rutsigiro rweForeFlight: Maitiro ekunyora nguva yekuyambuka nyika muLogbook

varumbidzwa

• Imwe nguva, ndapota…