Kubhururuka nendege kunoda hunyanzvi, humbowo, uye kuzvipira kusingazununguki kune kuchengeteka. Pamwoyo wekubhururuka kwega kwega kunobudirira ndiko kubhururuka kwendege-kunyatsoongorora, nhanho-nhanho-nhanho inova nechokwadi chese. chikamu che ndege inofambisa mhepo.
Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vangaona kubhururuka kusati kwamboitika sekukurumidza kuongorora mafuta nematai, zvakatonyanya kupfuura izvozvo. Kubhururuka kwendege kwakaringana inzira yakarongeka yakagadzirirwa kubata zvingangoitika zvisati zvaita matambudziko. Ndiwo hwaro hwekubhururuka nendege zvakachengeteka, uye kusvetuka nhanho imwe chete kunogona kukanganisa kubhururuka kwese.
Mugwaro rino, tinokufambisa nemuzvinhu zvakakosha zvekunyatso bhururuka kwendege, yakagadzirirwa injini imwe chete, ndege diki. Kunyangwe iwe uri mudzidzi mutyairi wendege kana mutyairi wendege ane ruzivo, iyi nhanho-ne-nhanho nzira ichakubatsira kuenda kumatenga uine chivimbo.
Chii chinonzi Ndege Preflight?
Mutyairi wendege asati atombosvika pedyo nendege, pane chikamu chakakosha chekugadzirira chinoisa nhanho yekubhururuka kwakachengeteka uye kunobudirira. Chikamu ichi, chinowanzonzi pre-preflight, chinosanganisira kunyatsoronga uye kuongorora.
Mutyairi wendege anofanira kuongorora zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita semamiriro ekunze, uremu uye chiyero kuverenga, zvirambidzo zvekufamba kwenguva pfupi (TFRs), uye Zviziviso kuAirmen (NOTAMs) Zvinhu izvi zvakakosha pakuona kuti kubhururuka hakungoitike chete asiwo kunoenderana nemirau uye yakachengeteka kune vese vari muchikepe.
Nepo nyaya idzi dzakakosha, dzinofanirwa nekurukurirano yavo yakazvipira. Parizvino, tichatarisa pane ndege isati yabhururuka — ongororo yemaoko inoitika kana wava mundege.
Ndege Preflight: The Hobbs Meter
Kune vatyairi vendege vanorenda pane kuva nendege dzavo, danho rekutanga panenge riine ndege yese isati yasimuka inosanganisira kuongorora Hobbs mita. Kunyange zvazvo danho iri risina hukama zvakananga nekuchengetedzwa kwendege, rinotora basa rakakosha muhupfumi hwekubhururuka.
Iyo Hobbs mita inoteedzera huwandu hwemaawa anga achimhanya injini, uye nzvimbo zhinji dzekurenda dzinochaja zvichibva pane iyi metric kwete kureba kwenguva yekurenda. Izvi zvinoita kuti kutarisa mita yeHobbs kuve kwakakosha-kana isina kutariswa zvachose-yakatarisana-chikamu che preflight process.
Kupfuura basa rayo mukubhadharisa, mita yeHobbs inoshandawo sechiratidzo chakakosha chekugadzirisa zvirongwa. Mamwe marudzi ekuchengetedza, akadai sekuchinja kwemafuta kana kuongororwa injini, anobva pane injini yekumhanyisa nguva. Nekudaro, nechinangwa chekugadzirira kubhururuka kwega, chinonyanya kunetsa ndechekuona kubhadharisa chaiko.
Pamusoro pazvo, munyika yezvokubhururuka nendege, upfumi hunowanzouya pekutanga—kunyange usati wapinda muimba yevatyairi.
Paperwork: The Legal Essentials
Ndege isati yaenda kumatenga, inofanirwa kutakura magwaro chaiwo kuti ienderane neFAA (Federal Aviation Administration) mitemo. Aya magwaro haasi maitiro ehurumende chete - akakosha pakuona kuti ndege iri pamutemo uye yakachengeteka kubhururuka.
Chokutanga uye chakakosha, ndege imwe neimwe inofanira kuva ne chitupa chekufamba nendege inoratidzwa kune vafambi. Chitupa ichi chinosimbisa kuti ndege inosangana neFAA kuchengetedza zviyero uye inokodzera kubhururuka.
Rimwe gwaro rinokosha irekodhi yepamutemo uye rekodhi rekodhi. Iri bepa rinopa vatyairi ve data vanodiwa kuti vaverenge nzvimbo yesimba rinokwevera pasi uye huremu hwese, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvese zvinoramba zviri mukati memutemo panguva yese yekubhururuka. Kugovera huremu husina kunaka kana kuwandisa kunogona kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti gwaro iri rive rikakosha.
Pamusoro pezvo, ndege zhinji dzinofanirwa kutakura bhuku rekushandisa remutyairi (P.O.H.) pabhodhi. Bhuku rino rine ruzivo rwakakosha nezvemafambiro endege, masisitimu, uye maitirwo enjodzi. Kune ndege dzine midziyo yakasarudzika, zvekuwedzera zvinogona zvakare kudikanwa kugadzirisa zvakagadziridzwa kana kuisirwa.
Nepo ndege dzepasi rese dzichisanganisira mamwe magwaro, senge mafomu etsika nemvumo, isu tichatarisa pano pane zvakakosha pakufamba nendege. Mushure mezvose, mapepa akakodzera haangori nezvekuteedzera - ndeye kuchengeteka uye kugadzirira.
panze Ndege Preflight: A Comprehensive Walkaround
Kana mutyairi wendege angosimbisa kuti mapepa ose anodiwa akarongeka, danho rinotevera nderokunyatsoona kubhururuka kwekunze. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutarisisa kwenyama kwendege, kuve nechokwadi chekuti chikamu chose chiri muchimiro chekushanda chakakodzera uye chisina njodzi dzinogona kuitika.
Vatyairi vendege vane ruzivo vanowanzogadzira kuyerera chaiko kwekuongorora, kufamba zvine hurongwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe kudzivirira kupotsa chero akakosha ruzivo. Iyi methodical nzira yakakosha pakuchengetedza kuwirirana uye kuchengeteka.
Munguva yekubhururuka kwekunze, mutyairi acha:
- Ongorora ganda rendege kuti harina mazino, kukora, tsvina, mazaya echando, sinou, kana zvimwe zvisina kumira zvakanaka zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda kwayo.
- Tarisa mashandiro ezvinodzora ndege, kusanganisira ailerons, flaps, rudder, horizontal stabilizer, uye chero zvimwe zvinhu zvakanangana nendege.
- Ongorora matangi emafuta, ayo anowanzo kuwanikwa mukati memapapiro, kuti ave nechokwadi chemafuta chaiwo uye hapana zviratidzo zvekusvibiswa kana kuvuza.
- Ongorora propeller (kana propeller) kune kukuvara, kutsemuka, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kuchengetedza.
Yekupedzisira, inowanzo furatirwa asi yakakosha nhanho inosanganisira kutsika 10-20 metres kure nendege kuti utarise zvizere. Maonero akatambanudzwa aya anobvumira mutyairi wendege kuona chero kukanganisa kusingaonekwe padhuze, kuve nechokwadi chekuti ndege yagadzirira kubhururuka zvechokwadi.
Interior Ndege Preflight: Kugadzirira Cockpit
Kana kuongorora kwekunze kwapera, mutyairi wendege anoisa pfungwa dzake paimba yevatyairi vendege—nzvimbo yekuraira yendege. Iyo yemukati preflight inova nechokwadi chekuti masisitimu ese, zviridzwa, uye zvinodzora zviri kushanda nemazvo uye kuti mutyairi wendege akagadzirira zvakakwana kubhururuka kuri mberi.
Maitiro acho anowanzotanga nekutarisa kwekuona kweiyo cockpit marongero. Mutyairi wendege anovimbisa kuti zvese zvinochinja, mapfundo, uye zvidhiraivho zviri munzvimbo dzazvo. Semuenzaniso, master switch inofanira kunge yakadzimwa, uye valve yekusarudza mafuta inofanira kuiswa kune tangi yakakodzera.
Zvadaro, mutyairi acha:
- Ongorora zviridzwa kuti uone kuti zviri kushanda uye hazvina kukuvara. Izvi zvinosanganisira altimeter, airspeed chiratidzo, chiratidzo chemusoro, uye geji dzeinjini.
- Tarisa avionics, kusanganisira redhiyo, transponders, uye masisitimu ekufambisa, kuona kuti ari kushanda nemazvo.
- Simbisa midziyo yekukurumidzira, senge yekudzimisa moto, kit yekubatsira yekutanga, uye emergency locator transmitter (ELT), iripo uye iri mumamiriro akanaka.
- Wongorora hurongwa hwendege uye uone kuti machati ese anodiwa, mepu, uye maturusi ekufambisa zviri nyore kuwanikwa.
Pakupedzisira, mutyairi wendege anozogadzirisa zvigaro, mabhandi ezvigaro, uye mapedali ekudzoreredza kuti zvinyarare uye zvidzore zvakanaka. Iyi nhanho inogona kuita sediki, asi yakakosha pakuchengetedza kutarisa uye nemazvo panguva yekubhururuka.
Iyo yemukati preflight haisi yekungotarisa mabhokisi - ndeye kugadzira nzvimbo yakachengeteka, yakarongeka, uye inobudirira yenzvimbo yekubhururuka iri mberi.
Mushure meNdege Preflight: Chekupedzisira Cheki Isati Yasimuka
Kubhururuka kwendege ingori kutanga kwemaitiro ekuona kuti ndege yagadzirira kubhururuka. Kana kuongorora kwekunze nemukati kwapera, mutyairi wendege anofanira kuita nhevedzano yekuongorora kwekupedzisira asati aenda kumatenga.
Kana ndege iri panhandare yendege inodzorwa, mutyairi anotanga awana mvumo kubva Air Traffic Control (ATC). Panhandare yendege isingadzoreki, danho iri harifanirwe, asi mutyairi wendege anofanira kuramba akangwarira dzimwe ndege dziri pedyo.
Nemvumo yakachengetedzwa (kana zvichidikanwa), mutyairi wendege anotakura tekisi kubva panzvimbo yayo yekupaka akananga kumugwagwa. Munguva iyi, mutyairi anoongorora:
- Kudavirwa kwemudhiraivho, kunodzorwa kuburikidza nemapedali ekudzoresa.
- Directional gyro alignment, kuve nechokwadi kuti inoenderana nemagineti kambasi.
- Turn-and-bank indicator functionality, ichisimbisa kuti inopindura nemazvo kufamba kwendege.
Pakusvika panzvimbo yekumhanya, mutyairi wendege achaita cheki chekumhanya. Izvi zvinosanganisira kumhanya injini paRPM yakakwira yekuyedza masisitimu anoita zvakasiyana pasi pesimba rakawedzerwa, senge:
- Magnetos, kuve nechokwadi kuti injini inomhanya zvakanaka pane yega yega system yekubatidza yakazvimirira.
- Carburetor kupisa, kuisimbisa inoderedza injini RPM sezvaitarisirwa.
- Zviridzwa zvendege, vachisimbisa kuti vanoshanda nemazvo pasi pemitoro yepamusoro yeinjini.
Kana mutyairi wendege agutsikana kuti zvinhu zvese zviri mugwara ndipo paanozoenderera mberi nendege. Panhandare yendege inodzorwa, mutyairi wendege anofanira kuwana mvumo yekusimuka kubva kuATC asati aenda panzira yekufambisa ndege uye kushandisa throttle yakazara.
Ichi chikamu chekupedzisira chegadziriro yekubhururuka kwendege inovimbisa kuti ndege haingori mutsindo chete asiwo yakanyatsobatanidzwa munzvimbo yekufamba kwemhepo, ichigadzira nhanho yekusimuka kwakachengeteka uye kunobudirira.
Kuchengetedza Mwoyo weAviation
Kubva pakunyatso bhururuka kwendege kusvika pakuvhara kwekupedzisira mushure mekumhara, musimboti mumwe unoramba uchikosha: kuchengeteka. Nhanho imwe neimwe yegadziriro yacho—kungava kuongorora kunze kwendege, magadzirirwo evatyairi vendege, kana kuti kuongorora kekupedzisira isati yasimuka—yakagadzirirwa kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti ndege yacho yakamira zvakanaka uye kuti ndege yacho yakachengeteka.
Kuchengetedzeka hakupere kana ndege yatanga kufamba munzira. Vatyairi vendege vanoramba vachitarisa uye vachiona masisitimu mukufamba kwese, kubva pakuita kweinjini kusvika kune zviridzwa zvekufambisa. Uku kutarisa kusingadzoreki pakuchengetedza ndiko kunoita kuti ndege ive imwe yenzira dzakachengeteka dzekufambisa, ingave yekunakidzwa nekubhururuka kana zvinangwa zvehunyanzvi.
Pamusoro pezvinhu zvehunyanzvi, pane chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa pakubhururuka. Chiitiko chekubhururuka mudenga muuinjiniya hunoshamisa sendege hachienzaniswi. Hufakazi hwehungwaru hwevanhu uye chiyeuchidzo chekuti sei tichienda kureba kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti ndege dzese dzakachengeteka sezvinobvira.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve maitiro ekushandura rezenisi rezenisi rekunze mumatanho mana.
