E ai ki ngā raraunga FAA, ko te whakapoauau i te tere rererangi kua tohua me te tere rererangi tuturu e whai wāhi ana ki te 17 ōrau o ngā aituā rererangi whānui e mate ai te tangata. E whakamārama ana tēnei aratohu i ngā momo tere rererangi matua e whā me mātau e ngā pailate: te tohu, te whakatikatika, te ōrite me te pono. Akohia he aha i pānui ai tō taputapu i te 150 knots i te mea he rerekē te tere whenua tuturu mā te 20 knots, neke atu rānei, me pēhea te whakamaoritanga tika e ārai ai i ngā hapa whakahaere pūngao morearea i ngā wāhanga rere nui.
Ripanga o Ihirangi
Ahakoa te tere o tō rererangi e 150 knots te nui, tera pea ko te tere tūturu o tō whenua he 130, he 170 knots rānei. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga a te FAA ko te whakapoauau i ēnei tatauranga tētahi o ngā take matua o te 17% o ngā aituā rererangi whānui e mate ai te tangata. Ko tēnei raruraru nui me mārama e ngā pailate katoa.
He maha ngā wā ka whakahokia mai e ngā rapunga ipurangi ngā ihirangi ahumahi kāore e tika ana, kaua ki ngā whakautu mārama, e aro ana ki ngā kaupapa whakamātautau. Ka tapahia e tēnei aratohu taua ngangau.
Ka whakamāramahia e mātou ngā momo tere rererangi matua e whā me ō rātou whakamāramatanga. Ka ako koe he aha te take e whakamahia ai e te rererangi ngā pona, ehara i te maero ia hāora, ā, ka mārama hoki koe ki te whānuitanga o te mahi mai i ngā waka rererangi whakangungu ki ngā waka rererangi. Hei whakamutunga, ka mōhio koe ki te pānui tika i ō taonga puoro.
He Aratohu Matua mō te Tere Rererangi a te Pailate
Ka ine te tere o te rangi i te tere o te waka rererangi e pā ana ki te hau e karapoti ana. He rerekē tēnei i te tere o te whenua. Koinei te tawhā matua mō te whakahaere aerodynamic. Mā te pūnaha pitot-static ka puta te pānui. Ka whakataurite i te pēhanga hau ram hihiri ki te pēhanga hau tūmau.
Kei tō papatohu te tere hau kua tohua (IAS). Koinei te pānui mata o te pūnaha. Ngā ture a te FAA tōna whakamahinga hei tohutoro matua mō ngā nekehanga katoa. Ka ārahi i ngā huarahi pumau me te karo i te tū. Ko te tere o tētahi waka whakangungu pērā i te Cessna 172 kāore e neke ake i te tere (VNE) e tata ana ki te 160 knots IAS. Kua tohua tēnei rohenga nui e te rārangi whero.
1. Ngā Momo Matua e Whā
E whā ngā mehua motuhake e whakamahia ana e ngā pailate. Ko te Tere Hau Tohu (IAS) ka puta tika mai i te taputapu. Ko te Tere Hau Whakamārama (CAS) ka whakatika i te IAS mō te hapa o te taputapu. Kātahi ka whakatikahia e te Tere Hau Tūturu (TAS) te CAS mō te mātotoru hau kore-paerewa. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te tere tuturu i te rangi. Ko te Tere Whenua (GS) ka whakatika i te TAS mō te hau, ka whakaatu i te ahunga whakamua i runga i te whenua.
2. Te Paerewa o te Maero Moana
Ko te waeine whānui ko te pona, te maero moana rānei ia hāora. E tautokohia ana tēnei e ngā whakahaere ā-ao pērā i te ICAO. E hangai ana ki ngā tūtohi e whakamahi ana i ngā maero moana me te whānui. Ko te pona kotahi he rite ki te 1.15 maero ture. Ka taea e te pona māmā te tere i te 180 pona tūturu, ehara i te 207 maero ia hāora.
3. Te Mahi me te Tere
He rerekē te mahi a ngā waka rererangi tere-rahi. E 500 maero ia hāora te tere o te waka rererangi e tohu ana i tōna tere tūturu. He maha ngā wā ka puta tēnei i ngā teitei teitei, ka whakaitihia te pānui kua tohua e te hau angiangi. Me whakamahi te pana o te waka rererangi hei whakatutuki i taua tere. Heoi, ka noho tonu te arotahi a te pailate ki te tere hau kua tohua mō ngā rohe hanganga me te aerodynamic katoa.
Ko te mōhio ki ēnei whakamāramatanga te kaupapa matua o te mahi rererangi pono. Mēnā ka pōhēhē koe, ka raru pea koe i te whakahaere pūngao ngoikore, inā koa i ngā wā tino nui. Ko tāu pānui kua tohua te aratohu whakamutunga mō te whakahaere me te haumaru.
He aha tō taputapu rere matua?
He mea taketake tēnei taputapuE whakaatu tika ana i te āhua ā-rangi o tō waka rererangi. Ko te mana whakahaere o te hiki, te tawhā tū, me te hanganga katoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki tēnei. Ko tēnei ine anake e whakaatu ana mēnā kei te whakaputa te parirau i te hiki.
Whakaarohia te whakatatanga whakamutunga i roto i te Cessna 172. Ko tō whāinga he 65 knots. E kī ana te FAA ko tēnei uara kua tohua—ehara i te tere whenua—e whakahaere ana i te tiakitanga tū me te tawhiti taunga. Tērā pea ka piki ake te tere whenua i te hau nui, engari he mea nui tonu tō pānui kua tohua mō te whakahaere.
- Rererangi kua tohua (IAS)
- Rererangi Whakatau (CAS)
- Rererangi Pono (TAS)
- Te tere o te whenua (GS)
E whakaatu ana te mata i te Tere Ā-rangi kua Tohua, ehara i te tere tūturu. Kei roto i te IAS ngā hapa o te taputapu me te tūranga. Ka whakatikahia ēnei e te CAS. Kātahi ka whakaarohia e te TAS te mātotoru hau kore-paerewa, e whakaatu ana i te tere tūturu i roto i te papatipu hau. Ko te tere whenua, mō te whakatere, ka whakatikatikaina e te TAS mō te hau. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei hiranga ka whakarite i te kaha ā-rangi me te tere whakatata. Mā tēnei ka ārai i te tū me te tere rawa i ngā āhuatanga teitei, hau rānei.
Te Ine a tō Waka Rererangi i te Tere o te Rererangi
Ka whakatauhia e tō waka rererangi tōna tere mā te whakatairite i ngā pēhanga e rua. He ngongo pitot e anga whakamua ana Ka hopukina te hau hipi, i te mea ka rongohia e te putanga tūmau i runga i te tinana te pēhanga ā-taiao. Ka haere ēnei pēhanga ki te tohu, ka nekehia e te diaphragm hiri te ngira i runga i te rerekētanga.
1. Te Tūranga o te Ngongo PitotKa hāngai tēnei ngongo ki te tuaka o te waka rererangi. Ka pupuhi te hau ki roto, ka puta he pēhanga katoa. Ka āraihia e te whakamahana iti o roto te aukati hukapapa.
2. Te Tohutoro Mārie o te Pūnaha PūmauKei roto i te hau rere kore e whakakorikoria te tauranga tūmau hei ine i te pēhanga hau e karapoti ana. Me whakanoho e ngā paerewa FAA tōna tūranga hei whakaiti i ngā hapa mai i te āhua o te waka rererangi, he taipitopito nui mō te tiwhikete.
3. Te Rorohiko Ā-ringa: I roto i te ine, ka pā te pēhanga pitot ki tētahi diaphragm hiri e karapotia ana e te pēhanga tūmau. Ka hono tika te whānui o te diaphragm ki te ngira mā roto i ngā taputapu, kāore e hiahiatia he mana hiko.
4. Mai i te Tohu ki te PonoKo te pānui mata ko te Tere Ā-Haurangi Tohua (IAS), he mea nui mō te whakahaere engari ehara i te tere whenua. Mā te whakatika mō te hapa taputapu me te mātotoru hau kore-paerewa ka puta te Tere Ā-Haurangi Pono mō te whakatere tika.
Mai i te Ngongo Pitot ki te Pānui Tohu
Ka tere tonu te mahi a te pūnaha. Ka tere ake te tuku i ngā panonitanga pēhanga i te mea ka taea e te pailate te kite. Mā tēnei ka puta he whakaaturanga taputapu kāore he whakaroa.
Ehara taua whakaaturanga i te tere tūturu. E whakaatu ana i te pēhanga hihiri, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tere me te mātotoru o te hau. E ai ki te FAA Advisory Circular 23-8C, ko te hua e tohuhia ana ko te tere hau. Ka inehia e tēnei te mahi aerodynamic, ehara i te tere ā-tinana.
Ko te mātotoru o te hau te mea nui. Ka puta he rerekē ngā pānui taputapu mai i ngā tere pono ōrite. He nui ake te uara o te rā wera, teitei i te rā makariri, taumata moana. Me whai pēhanga hihiri motuhake te parirau hei whakaputa i te hiki. Nō reira, ko te tere tū me te mahi matua e whakawhirinaki ana ki tēnei pānui kua tohua, ehara i te tere pono.
Ka hurihia te kaupapa o te ine. Ehara i te ine tere noa iho. Mā te tau e whakaatu te taiao mahi o te parirau. Ka whakamōhio atu ki a koe mēnā he rawaka te rere o te hau mō te rere whakahaere. He mea nui tēnei arotahi ki te āhua aerodynamic mō te whakahaere tere haumaru.
Te Tūranga Hiranga o te Pēhanga Tūmau
Ko te pēhanga pūmau ko te pēhanga hau e karapoti ana i tō waka rererangi, koinei te tūāpapa matua mō te ine i te tere o te hau katoa. He mea nui te tohutoro pūmau tika; ki te kore, kāore he tikanga o tō tere hau kua tohua.
| Momo Pūnaha me te Tauira | Awhe Utu Angamaheni | Pūtake Tiwhikete | Pūtake Pēhanga Tūmau | Te Whakataurite i te Rererangi Matua |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASI Hangarau Taketake (hei tauira, UMA) | $ 150 - $ 400 | TSO-C46a / FAR 23.1323 | Putanga tūmau o te waka rererangi | Hākinakina Māmā, Whakamātautau |
| Whakaaturanga Rererangi Matua Mamati (hei tauira, Garmin G5) | $ 1,800 - $ 2,500 + | TSO-C113 / AC 20-138D | Rorohiko raraunga hau mamati | Whakahou GA, Hanganga Hou |
| Huinga Avionics Whakauru (hei tauira, Garmin G1000) | $ 15,000 - $ 50,000 + | FAR 23/25, Ngā TSO maha | Ngā ADC takirua tāpiripiri | Mīhini Takitahi me te Mīhini Maha kua Whakamanahia |
| Pūnaha Kāwai-Waka (hei tauira, Collins ADIRS) | $100,000+ mō ia pūnaha | FAR 25, TSO-C112, DO-160 | Ngā pūoko gyro me te pēhanga mowhiti-reera | Ngā Rererangi Rererangi |
Tuhipoka: E whakaata ana ngā raraunga ripanga i ngā utu mākete me ngā paerewa ture o te tau 2024. Ko ngā utu motuhake e whakawhirinaki ana ki te waka rererangi me te tāutanga. Kei roto i ngā puna ko ngā tuhinga Ota Paerewa Hangarau a te FAA (TSO) me ngā rārangi utu a te kaihanga.
E whakaata ana ngā raraunga ripanga i ngā utu mākete me ngā paerewa ture mō te tau 2024. Ko ngā utu motuhake e whakawhirinaki ana ki te waka rererangi me te tāutanga. Kei roto i ngā puna ko te FAA Technical Standard Order (TSO) tuhinga me ngā rārangi utu a ngā kaihanga.
He rerekē ngā momo pūnaha:
Hangarau: Ka whakatauritehia e te kāpūru aneroid te pēhanga pitot me te pēhanga tūmau. He pono engari ka whakaatu noa i te tere hau kua tohua, me whakatika ā-ringa ngā hapa. He mea nui te taunga o te tauranga tūmau mō te pānui tika.
Mamati: Ka hurihia e te rorohiko raraunga hau te pēhanga ki te tohu hiko, ka taea ai te whakatika aunoa i te tere hau kua tatauhia me te tere hau tuturu. Ka whakawhitihia e tēnei ngā mōrearea rahunga miihini mō ngā whakawhirinakitanga pūmanawa me te hiko.
Whakamahia tēnei mōhiotanga. Whakaarohia te tere o te hau hei tawhā i tatauhia mai i ngā pēhanga e rua. Me manatoko e tō matawai te pono o te pūnaha pitot me te pūnaha tūmau, ka hurihia te tirotiro whakawhiti o tō taputapu hei taputapu tātaritanga. Ko te matatau ki te pēhanga tūmau te mea nui ki te whakahaere tere o te hau.
Te Whakatere i ngā Momo Matua e Whā o te Tere Rererangi
ngā momo taketake e whā hanga he mekameka whakatikatika raupapa. Ka rere tēnei mekameka mai i tō taputapu kokopiti ki te āhuarangi ā-tinana. Rererangi kua tohua (IAS) ko tāu pānui tika. Ka whakatikahia e te Tere Hau Whakamārama (CAS) mō te hapa taputapu me te tūnga. Kātahi ka whakatikahia e te Tere Hau Taurite (EAS) te CAS mō te kaha ki te pēhi i te tere-tiketike. Ko te Tere Hau Tuturu (TAS) he CAS kua whakatikahia mō te mātotoru kore-paerewa. Ka whakaatu a TAS i tō tere tuturu i te hau.
Ka rere koe i te waka rererangi mā te whakamahi i te Tere Rererangi Tohua. Ka tautuhia e tēnei tau mata o te paparangi ngā mahi aerodynamic katoa. Ka whakaputaina tō tū, tō nekehanga, me ō tere reti pai rawa atu hei uara IAS. Ka tohua tonutia ēnei tere matua e ngā ture me ngā pukapuka ārahi ki te IAS mō te whakamahinga o te kokopiti.
Ehara i te mea he mea ako noa te tere o te rangi kua whakatikatikaina. Koinei te whakaurunga tino tika mō ngā tūtohi mahi katoa. Me whai CAS te tatau i te takahuri rere, te tere piki rānei. Kei te pukapuka ā-ringa o tō waka rererangi tēnei whakatikatika mō ngā hapa pūnaha pitot-static. Mā te whakamahi i te CAS tika ka tika ai ngā matapae mahi.
He mea nui te tere hau ōrite tata ki ngā tere whakawhiti-ā-roto. I konei, ka puta he hapa nui i te kaha o te pēhanga hau. Ko te EAS te tohu o te pēhanga hihiri i runga i te anga hau. Mō te jet i te Mach 0.80, ka taea e te rerekētanga CAS-ki-EAS te maha o ngā pona. He mea nui tēnei mō ngā tataunga kawenga hanganga me te tawhē buffet.
Ko te Tere Rererangi Tuturu mō te whakatere. Kua whakatikatikaina te CAS mō te teitei tuturu. I te 10,000 putu, ko te 150 knots IAS ka rite pea ki te 175 knots TAS. Ka pā tika tēnei rerekētanga ki te tere whenua me te whakamahinga wahie. He mea nui te matatau ki te huringa mō te whakamahere rere tika.
Te Whakamahi i te Tere Rererangi Tika i roto i te Kopiti
Ko te tere hau tika e whakahau ana i tētahi āhua ā-rangi motuhake. Ehara i te mea he tau noa iho i runga i te ine. Ko tō tere kua tohua e whakahaere tika ana i te hiki, te mana, me te kawenga. Ka taea e te peka tekau-knot te whakararuraru i te whakatata mai.
He maha ngā wā ka aro tonu ngā pailate ki tētahi ūnga. Ko te tohutoro tūturu ko te whānuitanga. E tohu ana te Pukapuka Rererangi kua whakaaetia i tētahi whānuitanga kua whakaritea mō ia nekehanga. Kei roto i tēnei ko te Vy mō te piki pai rawa atu me te Vfe mō ngā parirau. Me tīpako e koe te uara tika mō ngā āhuatanga o nāianei.
Ehara i te mea he haumaru ake te tere i ngā wā katoa. He mea morearea tēnā whakaaro. Mā te neke atu i te Va i roto i te aueue ka nui rawa te taumahatanga o te anga rererangi. Mēnā ka tere rawa te whakatata whakamutunga, ka roa te wā e mānu ai. Ka tūpono koe ki te toro atu ki te ara rere. Mā te tere tika ka puta te mahi e hiahiatia ana.
Whakaarohia tētahi tauira e whai ana i te 65 pona i roto i tētahi C172. Mā te whakararuraru ka hua ake he 75 pona. Me 300 putu anō te tawhiti hei taunga. He mea nui taua tawhiti i runga i tētahi papa poto. Mā te whakamahi i te tatauranga tika o te pukapuka ka pono te mahi.
Ko nga Hapa noa me te pehea e karo ai
Ko te hapa tino morearea ko te whakamahi i te tere hau kua tohua mō te whakatere. Ine te IAS i te kaha aerodynamic, ehara i te tere whenua. Ka kino tēnei i ngā tataunga wahie me te wā. Whakamahia tonu te tere hau tūturu mō te whakamahere rere. Mā tēnei ka tika te whakatere.
Te Mahanga Whakatere IAS vs. TAS
Whakaarohia te rere i te 8,000 putu te teitei. E 120 ngā noti e pānuihia ana e tō IAS. Ko tō TAS he 132 noti. Ko te whakamahere i tētahi waewae 300-maero moana mā te whakamahi i te IAS e kī ana he 2.5 hāora te roa. Ko te wā tūturu he 2 hāora 16 meneti. Nā taua hapa 34-meneti ka nui ngā hē o te tatau wahie.
Te Ārai Hapa Pūnaha
Me whakarite te tatau TAS hei taahiraa matua i mua i te rere. Me whakamahi ngā pailate VFR i tētahi rorohiko E6B. Ka taea e ngā pailate IFR te whakamahi i tētahi rorohiko raraunga hau, i tētahi mahi GPS rānei. Kaua rawa e whakakapi i te tau tohu tere hau mō tō tere tūturu. Mā tēnei tikanga ka ārai i te tomuri me te nui o te hinu.
Ngā Rahunga Pūnaha Pitot-Pūmau
Ka puta he hapa nui i ngā aukati kāore i te mōhiotia. Ka whakatio te tohu i te ngongo pitot kua aukatia i te pikinga. Kātahi ka taka, ka tohu hē kei te tū. Ka maukati te tauranga pūmau i te altimeter me te VSI i te tauranga pūmau kua aukatia. Ka hē te pānui a te ASI i te wā pikinga me te hekenga. Me tohu tonu te pitch me te mana. Whakamahia te tere whenua GPS mō te tirotiro whānui.
Te Wāhi Matapo o te Tere Tere me te Tere Iti
He maha ngā wā ka aro nui ngā pailate ki te tere whakatata e hiahiatia ana. Ka wareware rātou ki ngā āhuatanga hau, ki ngā huringa whirihoranga rānei. Tāpirihia te haurua o te āhuatanga hau ki tō tere whakatata whakamutunga. Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i tēnei ārai. Me whakatika hoki mō te hukapapa, mō te poroporo taratara rānei. Ki te kore koe e eke ki muri i te pihi mana, ka waiho koe ki muri i te pihi mana. Whakahaerehia tō āhua pūngao mā te matapae i ēnei taurangi.
Te Whakangungu i te Tere o te Rere mō te Rere Māia
Ka inehia e tō waka rererangi te tere o te hau mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūnaha pitot-static. Ka whakatauritea te pēhanga hau ram hihiri ki te pēhanga tūmau taiao. Ka nekehia e tēnei rerekētanga tētahi diaphragm i roto i tō tohu. Mā taua nekehanga ka hoatu ki a koe te taputapu taketake, tere tonu hei mārama ki te mahi. Ka whakaatuhia e te ngira te pēhanga hihiri, ehara i te tere tūturu. Koinei te rerekētanga matua tuatahi me ako e ia pailate.
E hiahiatia ana tēnei pūnaha e ngā ture FAA kia whakatikatikaina kia tika. He mea āta whakarite te tūnga o te tauranga tūmau. Ka whakatakotoria e ngā kaihoahoa hei whakamātautau i te pēhanga hau kāore i te whakararuraruhia. He tūponotanga tawhito te ngongo pitot kua āraia. I te rangi mārama, ka pānuihia te kore e te tohu i tetahi tere. Ka whakangungu ia pailate ki te kite tonu i tēnei.
He hē te whakaaro tino noa. Ehara te tau e tohua ana i tō tere i te rangi. Ka ine i te pēhanga hihiri. Ka pā anake tēnei ki te tere i raro i ngā āhuatanga paerewa o te taumata moana. Koia te take e noho tonu ai te IAS hei kingi mō te whakahaere i te āhua aerodynamic o te waka rererangi. Rerehia ngā tere kua tohua mō te rere atu, te piki, me te whakatata atu ki Florida, ki Colorado rānei. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia ōrite te pikinga me te tūnga.
Whakaarohia he Cessna 172. Ko tōna tere kāore e neke ake i te tere (Vne) me te tere tū (Vs) ka whakaputaina hei tere hau kua tohua. He mea morearea te whakapoauau i tēnei me te tere hau tūturu i te teitei. Ka taea e te pailate te taumaha rawa i te anga hau, te tū rānei i te kore e tūmanakohia. Ka whakaratohia e te pūnaha ngā raraunga nui. Mā te whakamaoritanga tika ka hanga he rerenga maia.
Ko Airspeed tō whakaaetanga whai muri ki te Master?
Kei a koe ngā kaupapa matua. Me neke atu koe i te ariā ki te mahi i roto i te kokopiti. Ko te tino pūkenga ko te kite i ngā tere motuhake e whā, ehara i te kotahi tau anake. Mā tēnei pūkenga ka wehea ngā pailate tukanga mai i ngā pailate tino matatau.
Whakaarohia tētahi āhuatanga whakawhiti whenua noa. Kei te 8,000 putu koe. E 120 knots te pānui a tō IAS, engari ko tō tere rererangi tūturu he 138 knots. He hapa nui, he hapa auau te whakamahi i te tatauranga hē mō te whakamahere wahie. E whakaatu ana ngā arotakenga aituā a te AOPA Air Safety Institute i tēnei mōrearea. He mārama tāu whakatau: whakaarohia ēnei ariā hei pātai mātauranga, whakaurua rānei ki roto i ia wāhanga rere.
Whakamahia tēnei mōhiotanga inaianei. Arotakehia ngā tūtohi mahi a tō waka rererangi. Whakaharatauhia ngā whakatikatika tere rererangi tūturu i roto i tō hinengaro i runga. Whakamātauria tō tere whenua ki tāu mahere. Tīmata ki te tuhi i ngā mahi pūkenga arotahi, kaua ko ngā hāora rere anake. Ko tēnei mahi āta whakaarohia tō ara ki te matatau.
Ngā Pātai Auau mō te Airspeed
He aha te whakamāramatanga o te tere hau?
Ko te tere o te rangi he tere o te waka rererangi e pā ana ki te hau, e inehia ana e te pūnaha pitot-static. Koinei te tere matua mō te whakahaere aerodynamic me te karo i te tū.
He aha ngā momo tere hau e whā?
Tohua (IAS), Whakamāramahia (CAS), Taurite (EAS), me te Pono (TAS). Ko te IAS te pānui tika. Ko te TAS te tere tuturu i te rangi, e whakamahia ana mō te whakatere.
Ko tēhea waka rererangi ka tere 500 maero ia hāora?
He maha ngā waka rererangi pakihi me ngā waka rererangi hōia e pena ana. Ka taea e te waka rererangi ā-iwi Cessna Citation X+ te eke ki te tere rererangi tūturu tata ki te 700 maero ia hāora.
Ko te tere o te hau kei roto i ngā knots, i ngā mph rānei?
Ka whakamahia e te ao rererangi ngā pona hei tohu i te tere o te rangi, nā te mea ka māmā ake te whakatere. Tērā pea ka whakaatu ētahi waka rererangi mama i te tere o ia haora.
Whakapa atu ki te roopu Florida Flyers Flight Academy i tenei ra i (904) 209-3510 ki te ako atu mo te Akoranga Kura Kaupapa Whenua Motuhake.
