He huila ihu a me ʻelua huila nui ko ka mokulele tricycle-gear, a aia kona kikowaena o ke kaumaha ma mua o nā kikowaena nui. He ʻelua huila nui ko ka mokulele tailwheel (he taildragger) a he huila liʻiliʻi ma ka huelo, a aia kona kikowaena o ke kaumaha ma hope o nā kikowaena nui. Hoʻololi kēlā ʻokoʻa geometric hoʻokahi i ke ʻano o ka lele ʻana o ka mokulele ma ka honua, pehea e pae ai i ka makani keʻa a me ka nui o ka hana o ka hoeuli e noi ai iā ʻoe. No kahi haumāna e hele ana i kahi ʻoihana mokulele, ʻo ka tricycle gear ke kumu kūpono, a he mea waiwai nui ka ʻae ʻana o ka tailwheel ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā helu koʻikoʻi.
Aku; DR
- He paʻa ke kuhikuhi o ka mīkini tricycle ma ka honua; he paʻa ʻole maoli ke kuhikuhi o ka mīkini tailwheel, no laila e ulu nui ana kekahi ʻokoʻa mai ke ala pololei ke ʻole ʻoe e hoʻoponopono.
- Pono nā mokulele huelo i ka hana hoʻokele waʻa ʻoi aku ka ikaika, ʻaʻole nui ka ʻike i mua ma ka honua, a ʻaʻole lawa ka kala ʻana i nā hewa pae makani ʻē aʻe.
- Hāʻawi ka tailwheel gear i ka ʻokoʻa propeller maikaʻi aʻe ma nā ʻāpana ʻinoʻino a ʻoi aku ka māmā a me ke kumu kūʻai o ka mālama ʻana; ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka tricycle gear i nā makani ikaika.
- ʻAʻohe helu palena iki o nā hola ma lalo o ka ʻae ʻana o ka tailwheel ma lalo o 14 CFR 61.31(i); pono e ʻike kāu kumu aʻo ua akamai ʻoe.
- No kahi ala ʻoihana, e kūkulu pono i kāu mau palapala hōʻoia i nā mokulele tricycle-gear a hoʻohui i nā mākau tailwheel ma ke ʻano he hoʻonui ʻana i ka lāʻau-a-rudder.
Table of Contents
- He aha ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale maoli ai i nā hoʻolālā ʻelua
- Paʻa o ka honua: no ke aha e kala ai kekahi a ʻaʻole kekahi
- Nā ʻokoʻa o ka lele ʻana a me ka pae ʻana
- ʻIke ʻia a me ka taxi ʻana
- Ma hea e loaʻa ai i kēlā me kēia hoʻolālā kona wahi
- He paʻakikī anei ka lele ʻana o ka taildragger?
- ʻO ke kākoʻo ʻana o ka tailwheel: nā mea e koi ʻia e nā lula
- ʻO wai kāu e aʻo mua ai?
- Ko mākou manaʻo
- E hoʻomaka i ke ala e hiki ai i ka noho mokulele
- Nīnau Hoʻoholo Pine
- kumu
He aha ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale maoli ai i nā hoʻolālā ʻelua
ʻEkolu mau wahi pili honua ko nā hoʻonohonoho ʻelua. Aia ka ʻokoʻa ma ko lākou wahi. ʻO ka FAA Buke Lele Lele ua wehewehe ʻia kahi mokulele huelo me ʻelua mau struts nui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua iki o ke kikowaena o ka umekaumaha, me ka mokulele e kau ana i ka ihu ma luna o nā kikowaena nui a me ka huila huelo.
I loko o kahi mokulele tricycle, aia nā mea nui ma hope o ke kikowaena o ke kaumaha a ʻo ka huila ihu e hāpai i ke alo o ka mokulele. Noho palahalaha ka mokulele, a nānā ka pailota ma luna o kahi uhi haʻahaʻa ma ke ala holo.
He koho hoʻolālā liʻiliʻi kēlā. I ka hana maoli, hoʻoholo ia i nā mea āpau a ka pailota e ʻike ai ma waena o ke alapiʻi a me ke kahua holo.
Paʻa o ka honua: no ke aha e kala ai kekahi a ʻaʻole kekahi
ʻO ka manaʻo hoʻokahi wale nō koʻikoʻi ma kēia hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa o ke kuhikuhi ʻana.
Me ka mokulele tricycle, aia ke kikowaena o ke kaumaha ma mua o nā huila nui. Inā hoʻomaka ka mokulele e huli, hana kēlā geometry i kahi manawa hoʻihoʻi e huki iā ia i hope i kahi ala pololei. ʻO ia ke kumu Ua manaʻo ʻia ka mea hana tricycle paʻa i ke kuhikuhi ʻana ma ka honua, a no ke aha e kūʻē ai i nā pōʻai honua, ke yaw ikaika a kauoha ʻole ʻia e hiki ke hana i ka wā e lele ai a pae paha.
Hana ka mokulele tailwheel i kekahi ʻaoʻao. No ka mea, aia ke kikowaena o ke kaumaha ma hope o nā mains, ua wehewehe ka puke lima o ka FAA he paʻa ʻole ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ma ka honua: ua hoʻonui ʻia kahi luli liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia. Pono ka pailota e hopu mua iā ia, me ka hoe waʻa a laumania hoʻi, ma mua o ka lilo ʻana i loop honua.
ʻO ka hopena kūpono he pilina ʻokoʻa me nā pedals hoe waʻa. Ua wehewehe ʻo AOPA i kēia e like me "Nā wāwae hauʻoli": ka mana hoʻokele hoe waʻa pololei a ikaika ma o ka kaʻa kaʻa, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka pae ʻana e kūʻē i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao kuhikuhi.
Nā ʻokoʻa o ka lele ʻana a me ka pae ʻana
Holoholo
I loko o kahi mokulele tricycle, hoʻolalelale ʻoe me ka huila ihu ma ka honua, e hoʻihoʻi i ke kaomi i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻohuli a piʻi aku. Loaʻa ka mana kuhikuhi mai ke kūpaʻa ponoʻī o ka mokulele, me ka hoʻokomo māmā o ka hoeuli e paʻa ai i ka laina waena.
I loko o kahi taildragger hoʻomaka ʻoe me ka huelo i lalo a pono e hāpai iā ia i ka wā e ulu ana ka wikiwiki o ka ea, ʻoiai ke koi o ka hoe waʻa e loli mau ana me nā hopena propeller a me ke kahe ʻana o ka ea ma luna o ka huelo. He kaʻina hana lima ia, a he uku ia i kahi pailota nāna i hoʻomohala i ka hana wāwae wikiwiki a kūlohelohe.
paena
ʻO ka pae ʻana kahi e nui ai ka ʻokoʻa. I loko o kahi mokulele tricycle, ʻae pinepine ʻia kahi ʻano drift a i ʻole kahi touchdown paʻa iki no ka mea hana ke ʻano e hoʻopololei i ka ʻōwili. I loko o kahi mokulele tailwheel, ua ʻōlelo ka Airplane Flying Handbook e pono e hoʻohālikelike pono ʻia ke axis longitudinal me ke ala holo i ka pae ʻana e pale aku i nā ukana ʻaoʻao, a ʻo ka pae ʻana i lalo i ka wā e crabbing a drifting paha e kono ana i kahi loop honua.
ʻO ia ke kumu i wehewehe ʻia ai nā mokulele tailwheel he emi ke kala ʻana i nā hewa pae makani kea. Inā ʻo ka hana makani kea ma kou manaʻo, ʻo kā mākou alakaʻi i nā ʻano hana pae makani ʻē aʻe pili i kēlā me kēia hoʻonohonoho, akā ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka palena no ka hewa ma hope o kahi huila huelo.
ʻIke ʻia a me ka taxi ʻana
ʻO ke ʻano ihu i luna o kahi mokulele huelo ma ka honua e kau ai i ka uhi ʻenekini i kou laina o ka ʻike. Hoʻomaopopo ʻo AOPA i kēia ʻike maka ʻole i mua ʻO ke ʻano pinepine, ʻo ia hoʻi ka huli ʻana i S i ka wā e holo kaʻa ana i hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā mea e kū ana i mua. Noho pālahalaha nā mokulele tricycle, no laila ʻike pololei ʻoe i ke ala kaʻa.
He ʻokoʻa kēia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole ia he mea kakaikahi. ʻO kēlā me kēia neʻe ʻana o ke alapiʻi i loko o kahi taildragger e pili ana i kahi maʻamau i pono ʻole ai kahi pailota tricycle e kūkulu.
Ma hea e loaʻa ai i kēlā me kēia hoʻolālā kona wahi
ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kekahi o nā hoʻolālā ʻelua. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēlā me kēia e ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hana ai ka mokulele.
| Nā kumu | Mea hana kaʻa tricycle | Mea hana huila hope |
|---|---|---|
| Paʻa kuhikuhi ma ka honua | Paʻa; hoʻihoʻi i ka manawa inā huli ka mokulele | Paʻa ʻole maoli; ulu nā ʻokoʻa |
| ʻAno o ka loop honua | Low | Kiʻekiʻe aʻe; pono i ka hoeuli wikiwiki |
| ʻIke i mua i ka wā e holo ana | Maikaʻi, noho like ka mokulele | Kaupalena ʻia; Pono pinepine nā huli-S |
| Ka lawelawe ʻana i ka makani kea a me ka makani kiʻekiʻe | Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi | ʻAʻole kala iki ʻia nā hewa hoʻonohonoho |
| Ka ʻokoʻa o ka propeller ma nā ʻāpana ʻinoʻino | Pau | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, kūpono i nā kuaʻāina |
| Kaumaha, mālama a me ke kauō | ʻOi aku ka kaumaha o ka ihu | ʻOi aku ka māmā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mālama ʻana, emi ka huki parasitic |
| Hoʻohana maʻamau | Ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hapa nui o nā mokulele laulā | Kuaʻāina, nā lana, nā haʻuki a me ka lele ʻana ma mua o ka wā kahiko |
ʻO nā helu ma hope o ka hapalua haʻahaʻa o ka papa ʻaina mai nā wehewehe laulā o mea pae kuʻuna, ka mea e hōʻaiʻē ana i nā huila huelo no ka māmā, emi ke kumukūʻai e mālama ai a emi iho ka huki ʻana ma mua o nā huila ihu, ʻoiai e ʻike ana hoʻi i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole i mua a me ka maʻalahi nui i nā loop honua a me nā ulia ihu. ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka propeller clearance ke kumu e makemake nui ʻia ai nā taildraggers no nā kaola gravel a me nā kahua i hoʻomākaukau ʻole ʻia.
ʻO kahi hui kūpono ma ka honua maoli ʻo Cessna 185 lāua ʻo Cessna 206. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi hoʻohālikelike i ka Pono ka tailwheel 185 i ke akamai kūikawā ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kala ʻana o nā mea hana tricycle o ka 206 ma ka honua, a kūpono ka 185 i ka hana backcountry a me ka lana ʻoiai ʻo ka 206 e hāʻawi ana i kahi puka ukana nui a me ka lawelawe maʻalahi ʻana i ka honua. ʻOhana like o ka misionari, ʻelua ʻano ʻāina like ʻole.
He paʻakikī anei ka lele ʻana o ka taildragger?
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka lele ʻana maikaʻi ma ka honua, a ʻo ia ka pane ʻoiaʻiʻo. I ka lewa, lele like ka mokulele huelo me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia ke koi keu i ka ʻōwili lawe, ka ʻōwili pae a me ka taxiing, kahi e hoʻoholo ai ka manawa o ka hoeuli a me ka nānā ʻana i ka makani i ka hopena.
ʻO kēlā koi kekahi ke kumu e mahalo ʻia ai ka manawa tailwheel. ʻO AOPA Happy Kapuaʻi nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hiʻohiʻona nā kumu aʻo akamai e ʻōlelo nei e kūkulu ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa tailwheel i ka hana wāwae a me ka kaohi kuhikuhi i hoʻomohala pinepine ʻole ʻia i nā pailota i lele wale i nā pono tricycle. Ke hoʻomau nei nā mākau: ʻo kahi pailota hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i kahi taildragger pololei i ka makani ʻoi e ʻike i ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻolele ʻana o kahi mokulele tricycle.
ʻO kā mākou ʻatikala ponoʻī e pili ana i ka nā pono o ka ʻae ʻana o ka tailwheel no nā pailota hou e ʻike hohonu ana i nā mea a kēlā hoʻomaʻamaʻa e hoʻohui ai.
ʻO ke kākoʻo ʻana o ka tailwheel: nā mea e koi ʻia e nā lula
ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hana ma ke ʻano he pailota e kauoha ana i kahi mokulele tailwheel ma ka ikaika o kahi palapala hōʻoia pilikino wale nō. Pono kahi mokulele tailwheel i kahi hōʻoia logbook hoʻokahi manawa mai kahi kumu aʻo lele e hōʻike ana ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ke aʻo a me ka mākaukau i hōʻike ʻia, e like me Ua wehewehe ʻo AOPA.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke koi ma muli o ka mākaukau. Wahi a ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o AOPA no nā loiloi a me nā ʻae ʻana, ʻAʻole i hoʻonohonoho ʻo 14 CFR 61.31(i) i ka helu palena iki o nā hola, akā pono ke kumu aʻo e hōʻoia i kona mākaukau ma nā wahi kikoʻī, me nā lele ʻana a me nā pae ʻana maʻamau a me nā makani ʻē aʻe, nā pae ʻana o nā huila a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻokele a puni.
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, hoʻopau kekahi mau pailota i kekahi mau haʻawina a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kūlana kou hiki, ʻaʻole ka huina o ka puke moʻolelo. No ke kiʻi ākea o nā ʻae a me nā palapala hōʻoia āu e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka hopena, e ʻike i kā mākou mau alakaʻi e Nā koi laikini pilot FAA a nā koi hōʻoia paʻakikī.
ʻO wai kāu e aʻo mua ai?
Aia ka pane i kāu pahuhopu.
Inā he ʻoihana mokulele a ʻoihana kalepa paha kāu pahuhopu. Holo kou ala ma o ka palapala hōʻoia pilikino, ka helu mea kani, ka palapala hōʻoia kalepa, ka helu ʻenekini he nui a ma hope ka palapala hōʻoia kumu aʻo mokulele. Loaʻa kēlā mau palapala hōʻoia i loko o ka mokulele e hoʻohana ʻia ana e ka pipeline hoʻomaʻamaʻa mokulele, a ʻo nā mea hana tricycle ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau ma nā mokulele hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou a me nā mokulele mokulele laulā. ʻO ka hoʻolilo ʻana i kou manawa palena a me kāu kālā ma nā helu koʻikoʻi mua ke ala kūpono. A laila lilo ka ʻae ʻana o ka tailwheel i kahi hana kūkulu mākaukau i manaʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole he mea e pono ai.
Inā ʻo kāu pahuhopu ka lele ʻana ma ke kuaʻāina, ka nahelehele a i ʻole ka wā kahiko. He mea kūpono ke aʻo ʻana i loko o kahi mokulele tailwheel mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo AOPA aia nā pono o ke aʻo ʻana i ka tailwheel mai ka lā mua, ʻoiai hiki i nā haumāna ke lōʻihi ka manawa e hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻokahi ai.
Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe maopopo. E hoʻomaka me nā mea hana kaʻa tricycle no ka palapala hōʻoia mua, a laila e hoʻohui i ka ʻae ʻana o ka tailwheel ke ʻoluʻolu ʻoe me ka mokulele a me ke lekiō. E lilo ʻoe i pailota pololei no ia mea, a ʻaʻole ʻoe e lohi i nā pae hoʻohālikelike a nā mea hana e nānā ai.
Aia kekahi wahi kūpono no ka loaʻa ʻana. ʻAʻole maʻamau nā mea aʻo tailwheel a me nā mokulele hoʻolimalima ma mua o nā mea tricycle ma ka hapa nui o nā wahi, no laila hiki i kahi hoʻolālā e hilinaʻi ana i kekahi ke hoʻohui i ka hoʻolālā hoʻololi i kahi papahana kahi e pono ai ka hoʻomau. No kahi kumu ma ka mea e pono ai kahi papa mua e uhi, e ʻike i ka pono no ka laikini pailaka, a no ka ʻaoʻao airframe o ke kumuhana, ʻo kā mākou ʻike holoʻokoʻa o mea pae mokulele.
Ko mākou manaʻo
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākou i nā pailota nona ka pahuhopu ke noho kūpono o kahi mokulele, a hoʻonohonoho mākou i nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoihana: ke ala pōkole loa mai ka ʻike ʻole a hiki i kahi loea i hōʻoia ʻia a hiki ke hana.
Mai kēlā ʻano kūlana, ʻo ka nīnau tailwheel-versus-tricycle kekahi o nā nīnau e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana. Hiki i nā mea hana tricycle i kahi haumāna ke kālele i nā mea nui e hoʻāʻo ai kēlā me kēia checkride: ka hoʻokele ikehu, ka hana lekiō, ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i nā mea kani a me ka hoʻoholo pono ʻana. Hoʻopau ia i kahi papa o ka pilikia o ka lawelawe ʻana i ka honua i ka wā e hana ʻia ai kēlā mau maʻamau.
He akamai maoli ke akamai o ka tailwheel, a mahalo mākou iā ia. ʻO ka hoʻokele pono ʻana o ka hoe waʻa a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka makani keʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kekahi pailota. Akā ke aʻo aku nei mākou i nā haumāna e loaʻa mua nā helu koʻikoʻi me ka pono, a e mālama i ka ʻae ʻana o ka tailwheel ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaʻemaʻe i manaʻo ʻia ma mua o kahi huli ʻana. No ka mea, aia iā mākou ka Mana Hoʻokolokolo Ponoʻī, hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā checkrides FAA i loko o ka hale, kahi e pale ai i nā haumāna mai ka nalowale ʻana o ka momentum e kali ana no nā hoʻokolohua hana.
Hahai kā mākou ʻano kumukūʻai paʻa i ke akeakamai like: kahi ala i wehewehe ʻia, kahi kumukūʻai i wehewehe ʻia a me nā mea kupanaha liʻiliʻi ma ke ala.
Rainer
E hoʻomaka i ke ala e hiki ai i ka noho mokulele
Inā ʻoe e kaupaona ana i nā lako pae no ka mea ke hoʻolālā nei ʻoe i kahi ʻoihana lele, ʻo ka hoʻoholo nui aʻe ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o kāu hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana. Hāʻawi ʻo Florida Flyers Flight Academy i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pailota kalepa wikiwiki no nā haumāna US a me nā haumāna o ka honua, me ke kākoʻo visa M1, nā checkrides FAA i loko o ka hale a me nā papahana Māhele 141 i hoʻolālā ʻia e lawe iā ʻoe mai ka pailota pilikino a i nā palena iki o ATP i loko o 111 mau hola o ke aʻo lele.
ko kakou Papahana Kula Mokulele Kumukuai Paa ua paʻi ʻia ma $85,900, a me kā mākou Ka Papahana Hana Pilot US Airline ma $49,950. Inā ʻoe e hoʻomaka ana me ka palapala hōʻoia mua, e ʻike i kā mākou ke aʻo ʻana i ka pailota pilikino a me nā papa ʻē aʻe o ka Māhele 141.
Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻohālikelike mua i nā ʻano uku, ʻo kā mākou alakaʻi iā uku-i-kou-e-hele ai kūʻē i ke kula mokulele kumukūʻai paʻa hoʻolālā i ka logic kālā.
Nīnau Hoʻoholo Pine
He paʻakikī anei ka lele ʻana o ka taildragger?
Ma ka honua, ʻae. He mea paʻa ʻole ka mokulele tailwheel ma ka honua, no laila pono ia i nā hoʻokomo wikiwiki a maʻalahi o ka hoe waʻa i ka wā o ka taxi, ka lele ʻana a me ka pae ʻana, a ʻaʻole ia e kala ʻia i nā makani ʻē. I ka holo moana, lele ia e like me nā mokulele ʻē aʻe, a ʻōlelo pinepine nā kumu aʻo e hoʻoikaika ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hana wāwae.
ʻEhia mau hola e pono ai kahi hōʻoia tailwheel?
ʻAʻohe palena iki. Ma lalo o 14 CFR 61.31(i), pono kāu kumu aʻo e hōʻoia i ka mākaukau ma nā wahi e like me nā lele a me nā pae ʻana maʻamau a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka makani, nā pae ʻana o nā huila a me nā hele a puni. ʻOkoʻa ka manawa a me ka mākaukau mai kēlā pailota a i kēia pailota.
No ke aha i loaʻa ai i ka hapa nui o nā mokulele hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā lako tricycle?
No ka mea, ua paʻa kona kuhikuhi ma ka honua, hāʻawi i ka ʻike maikaʻi i mua a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lawelawe ʻana i nā makani ikaika. ʻAe kēlā i nā haumāna e kālele i nā mākau lele koʻikoʻi ʻoiai lākou e kūkulu ana i ka ʻike. ʻO ia ke ʻano maʻamau ma nā mokulele hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou a me nā mokulele mokulele laulā.
No ke aha e koho ai kekahi i kahi mokulele huelo?
Hāʻawi ka tailwheel gear i ka ʻae ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma luna o nā ʻili ʻinoʻino a ʻiliʻili paha, a ʻoi aku ka māmā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mālama ʻana a emi iho ka huki ʻana. ʻO ia ka mea e lilo ai ia i mea punahele no ke kuaʻāina, ka lana a me ka lele ʻana i nā mokulele.
Pono anei iaʻu kahi ʻae ʻia e lilo ai i pailota mokulele?
ʻAʻole. Kūkulu ʻia ke ala mokulele ma luna o nā palapala hōʻoia koʻikoʻi a me nā helu. He koho ka ʻae ʻana o ka tailwheel, ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke hoʻoikaika i kou mau mākau stick-and-rudder.
kumu
- Puke Pai Mokulele, Mokuna 14 (FAA)
- Lako Pae: PHAK Mokuna 3 (GroundScholar)
- ʻAno hana: Mai hopohopo, e hauʻoli ... nā wāwae (AOPA)
- Manaʻo Hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka Palekana: Nā kaʻa lalo ʻē aʻe (AOPA)
- Kaʻa pae kuʻuna
- Hoʻohālikelike ʻana o Cessna 185 vs Cessna 206 (AeroGurus)
- Nā Wāwae Hauʻoli (AOPA Flight Training)
- Nā Loiloi a me nā ʻAe ʻē aʻe (AOPA)