Ua hele lōʻihi mai ka mokulele mai ka ʻO Wright Brothers' holo mua i ka makahiki 1903. I kēlā manawa, ua hilina'i nā pailaka ma mua o ka palapala 'āina, ka panana, a me ka mana'o pa'a. ʻOiai e hana ana kēia mau mea paahana, ʻaʻole lākou i palekana i nā manawa a pau—ʻoi loa i ka wā ʻino a i ʻole ma ka ʻāina kamaʻāina ʻole.
I kēia mau lā, loaʻa i nā pailaka o kēia wā ka pono hoʻololi pāʻani: NAVAIDS (Navigational Aids). ʻO kēia mau ʻōnaehana—mai nā beacon ma luna o ka honua a hiki i nā pūnaewele ukali—alakaʻi i nā mokulele me ka pololei kikoʻī, e hōʻoia ana i nā mokulele palekana a maikaʻi hoʻi i nā kūlana paʻakikī loa.
Akā he aha ka NAVAIDS, a no ke aha lākou i koʻikoʻi ai no ka lele? Ma kēia alakaʻi, e ʻimi mākou i ko lākou koʻikoʻi, hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano maʻamau, a hōʻike i ko lākou hoʻololi ʻana i ka mokulele.
He aha nā NAVAIDS a no ke aha he mea nui ia?
Inā ʻike ʻole ʻia ka huaʻōlelo NAVAIDS, mai hopohopo - ʻo ka pōkole lele wale nō. ʻO NAVAIDS ke kū nei no Navigational Aids, a ʻo ia ka huaʻōlelo umbrella no nā ʻōnaehana e kōkua i nā pailaka e ʻimi i ko lākou ala ma ka lani.
Loaʻa kēia mau mea hana ma nā ʻano like ʻole, mai nā beacon radio ma luna o ka honua a i nā pūnaewele ukali. Hāʻawi pū lākou i nā mea hoʻokele alakaʻi e pono ai ke hoʻokele me ka palekana a me ka pololei, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻohe ʻike.
No ke aha mai Nā Kokua Hoʻokele Nui?
E noʻonoʻo e hoʻāʻo e hoʻokele i kahi kaʻa me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona alanui, ʻaʻohe GPS, a me kahi palapala ʻāina hiki ʻole iā ʻoe ke heluhelu. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka lele ʻana i nā lā mua o ka mokulele. Ua hilinaʻi nā pailota i nā palapala ʻāina, nā panana, a me nā pae ʻāina—nā mea hana maikaʻi i ka wā maʻemaʻe akā hāʻule pōʻino i nā ao, ka noe, a i ʻole ma luna o nā ʻāina hiʻona ʻole e like me nā moana a me nā wao nahele.
Ua hoʻololi nā Navigational Aids i nā mea a pau. Hāʻawi lākou i nā pailaka e lele me ka ʻole ʻike maka, e hoʻohana ana i nā mea kani e nānā i ko lākou kūlana, altitude, a kuhikuhi. Ke lohe ʻoe e pili ana i kahi pailaka “e lele ana ma luna o nā mea kani,” ke hilinaʻi nei lākou iā NAVAIDS e like me VOR, GPS, a me ILS e noho ma ka papa.
Akā ʻaʻole pili wale ʻo NAVAIDS i ka maʻalahi—e pili ana lākou i ka palekana. Ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻikepili i ka manawa maoli, kōkua lākou i nā pailaka e pale i nā collisions, e noho mālie kaʻina ea, a hoʻokele i ka wā ʻino.
I ka pōkole, ʻo NAVAIDS ke kumu palekana a hilinaʻi hoʻi ka mokulele hou. Ua hoʻohuli lākou i ka lele ʻana mai kahi pāʻani pilikia i kahi ʻepekema pololei—a ʻo lākou ka iwi kuamoʻo o kēlā me kēia lele āu e lawe ai.
Nā ʻano NAVAID i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mokulele i kēia lā
Hele mai ʻo NAVAIDS ma nā ʻano he nui, ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēlā me kēia e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia kikoʻī i ka hoʻokele mokulele. Eia ka nānā pono ʻana i nā ʻano maʻamau a pehea e hana ai lākou:
ILS (Pūnaewele pae ʻana mea kani)
ka ʻŌnaehana hoʻo pae mea hana ʻo ia ka hoaaloha maikaʻi o ka pailaka i ka wā ʻino. He ʻōnaehana pololei ia e alakaʻi ana i ka mokulele i ke ala holo, ʻoiai inā kokoke i ka ʻike ʻole.
ʻElua mau mea nui o ka ILS: ka localizer a me ka glide slope. Hoʻopaʻa ka localizer i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka mokulele me ka laina waena o ke alahele, ʻoiai ʻo ka glide slope e hoʻomalu i ke kihi iho. Hoʻohui pū lākou, ʻae lākou i nā pailaka e pae maluhia i nā kūlana kahi i uhi ʻia ai ke ala holo.
Eia nō naʻe, he 21 mau mile ka lōʻihi o ka ILS, no laila kūpono ia no ka hoʻokokoke hope ʻana akā ʻaʻole no ka hoʻokele ma ke ala.
VOR (Loaʻa Kiʻekiʻe-Kiʻekiʻe Kiʻekiʻe ʻOmnidirectional Range)
Ka loa Kiekie-Frequency Omnidirectional Range he ʻōnaehana ma ka ʻāina i lilo i mea nui o ka mokulele no nā makahiki he ʻumi. Hana ia ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā kukuna lekiō, a i ʻole radials, ma nā ʻaoʻao āpau.
Hiki i nā pailaka ke hoʻolohe i kahi kikowaena VOR a hahai i kahi radial kikoʻī e hoʻokele ai mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi. Me ka laulā a hiki i 360 nautical mile, kūpono nā VOR no nā mokulele lōʻihi.
ʻOiai ka piʻi ʻana o ka GPS, noho mau ʻo VOR i kahi kākoʻo hilinaʻi a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mokulele a me nā mokulele.
NDB (Nā Uku Ahu ʻole)
ʻO ka NDB kekahi o nā NAVAIDS kahiko loa i hoʻohana ʻia. Hāʻawi ia i kahi hōʻailona alapine hoʻokahi e kiʻi ʻia ma luna o ka ADF (Automatic Direction Finding).
Hana ʻia ka ADF me he panana, me ka pua e kuhikuhi ana i ke kahua NDB. ʻOiai he maʻalahi a hilinaʻi kēia ʻōnaehana, ʻaʻole pololei ia ma mua o nā koho hou e like me VOR a i ʻole GPS.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā NDB ma ke ʻano he waihona a i ʻole ma nā wahi mamao kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai nā NAVAIDS ʻē aʻe.
GPS (Pūnaewele hoʻonohonoho honua)
GPS ʻo ia ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka hoʻokele mokulele. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā satelite a me ka triangulation, hāʻawi ia i ka ʻikepili manawa maoli e pili ana i ke kūlana, ke kiʻekiʻe, a me ka wikiwiki.
ʻO kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi nui loa o GPS ʻo ia ka uhi honua. ʻAʻole like me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokumu honua, ʻaʻole ia e hilinaʻi i nā ʻōnaehana kūloko, i mea kūpono no nā mokulele mamao a me nā mokulele lōʻihi.
He pololei loa ka GPS, e ʻae ana i nā pailaka e hoʻokele i nā huakaʻi holoʻokoʻa—mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a hiki i ka paʻi ʻana—me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hōʻailona ukali wale nō.
INS (Inertial Navigation System)
ʻO ka INS kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa ponoʻī e hoʻohana i nā gyroscopes a me nā accelerometers e nānā i ke kūlana o kahi mokulele.
Hana ia ma ke ana ʻana i nā ikaika e hana ana ma ka mokulele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā ʻikepili e wānana i kona wahi. No ka mea, ʻaʻole ia e hilinaʻi i nā hōʻailona o waho, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka INS i ke keʻakeʻa a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Eia naʻe, inā hāʻule ka ʻōnaehana, nalowale nā mea hoʻokele a pau i ka ʻikepili hoʻokele. No ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i kēia pilikia, lawe ka hapa nui o nā mokulele INS ʻekolu ʻōnaehana no ka redundancy.
Mai ka pololei o ILS a hiki i ka pae honua o GPS, he koʻikoʻi ko kēlā me kēia NAVAID i ka mokulele hou. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana, hōʻoia lākou i hiki i nā pailaka ke hoʻokele me ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi, ʻaʻohe kumu.
ʻO ka Evolution of NAVAIDS: Mai nā Beacons i nā Satellites
Ua hele lōʻihi nā NAVAIDS mai nā lā mua o ka mokulele. I nā makahiki 1920, hilinaʻi nā pailaka i nā kukui ʻike maka—nā kukui uila i kau ʻia ma nā ala ea—e hoʻokele i ka pō. Ma ka makahiki 1930, ua lilo nā kukuna lekiō e like me ka NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) i mea maʻamau, e hāʻawi ana i ka pololei a me ka laulā.
Ua ʻike nā makahiki 1940 i ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o VOR, nāna i hoʻololi i ka hoʻokele me kāna mau radials omnidirectional. Ma ka makahiki 1980, ua puka mai ka GPS, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā satelite e hāʻawi i ka uhi honua a me ka pololei ʻike ʻole.
I kēia lā, ʻo nā holomua e like me ka ADS-B i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka lewa a me ka GPS hoʻonui ʻia e hoʻoikaika hou i nā palena. Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻōnaehana i ka nānā ʻana i ka manawa maoli, nā hōʻano hou o ka wā, a me ka pale ʻana i ka hui ʻana, e ʻoi aku ka palekana o ka lele ʻana ma mua o ka wā.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia hoʻololi e kōkua i nā pailaka e mahalo i nā mea hana a lākou e hoʻohana ai i kēia lā-a hoʻomākaukau iā lākou no nā mea hou o ka lā ʻapōpō.
Nā hewa maʻamau i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā NAVAIDS (a pehea e pale aku ai iā lākou)
Hiki i nā pailaka akamai ke hana hewa i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā NAVAIDS. Eia kekahi mau pilikia maʻamau - a pehea e pale aku ai iā lākou:
Ke kuhi hewa nei i nā Radial VOR: He ʻokoʻa ka lele ʻana i kahi kikowaena VOR mai ka lele ʻana mai ia mea. ʻO ka huikau ʻana i nā mea ʻelua hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hewa hoʻokele. E nānā mau i kāu poʻo a me ka radial.
Ka hilinaʻi nui ma ka GPS: Hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia ka GPS, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hewa. ʻO ka nalowale o ka hōʻailona a i ʻole ka ʻikepili kahiko hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hewa. E lawe mau i nā palapala palapala a ʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā NAVAIDS kuʻuna e like me VOR a me NDB.
Ka nānā ʻole ʻana i nā palena ILS: He pololei ka ILS, akā he palena palena (ma kahi o 21 mau mile). ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻana iā ia i ke kakahiaka nui a i ʻole ka lōʻihi e hiki ke hoʻololi i kāu ala.
Haalele ole i ka NDB Calibration: Hiki i nā NDB ke hana hewa e like me ka luʻu a me ke keakea. E calibrate mau i kāu ADF a me ka nānā ʻana me nā NAVAIDS ʻē aʻe.
Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia mau hewa-a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā kaʻina hana kūpono-hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokele me ka palekana a me ka hilinaʻi, ʻaʻohe o nā kūlana.
ʻIke NAVAID: ʻO ke kī i ka lele palekana
He mea nui ke aʻo ʻana iā NAVAIDS no kēlā me kēia pailaka. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana kona ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali, a ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau nuances he mea koʻikoʻi no ka palekana o ka lele.
No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā kukuna ILS e ka scalloping (hōʻailona distortion) a me ka ʻokoʻa kahakai (ka hoʻopili ʻana ma kahi kokoke i kahakai). He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā radials VOR ma muli o kou lele ʻana a i ʻole mai ke kahua. Hiki i nā NDB ke kuhi hewa, a hiki i ka GPS ke hāʻawi i nā heluhelu pololei inā ʻaʻole i hoʻonohonoho ʻia kāu uaki ma luna.
Hōʻike kēia mau paʻakikī i ke kumu nui o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūikawā. Na ke kula lele maikaʻi e aʻo iā ʻoe ʻaʻole wale pehea e hoʻohana ai iā NAVAIDS, akā pehea hoʻi e hoʻoponopono ai iā lākou ke hele hewa nā mea.
He paʻakikī nā NAVAIDS, a ʻo ka hoʻokele holomua ʻana iā lākou he mākaukau koʻikoʻi no ka loaʻa ʻana o kāu laikini pailaka a me nā helu kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i ke kumu aʻo akamai ke pane i kāu mau nīnau, wehewehe i nā kānalua, a kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka manaʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona maoli.
At ʻO Florida Flyers Flight Academy, NAVAIDS he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka haʻawina. Hāʻawi kā lākou mau kumu aʻo akamai i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lima, e hōʻoia ana ua mākaukau ʻoe e hoʻohana i kēia mau ʻōnaehana me ka hilinaʻi a me ka palekana.
Inā ʻoe koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka haku ʻana iā NAVAIDS, no ke aha e hele ʻole aku ai i Florida Flyers? Na lākou e kōkua iā ʻoe e kūkulu i nā mākau a me ka ʻike āu e pono ai e hoʻokele i ka lewa me ka hilinaʻi.
E hoʻokaʻaʻike i ka hui Florida Flyers Flight Academy i kēia lā ma (904) 209-3510 e aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka laikini pailaka haole ma 4 mau ʻanuʻu.
