Hoʻolauna iā ETOPS
ʻO ETOPS, kahi acronym no Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards, he ʻano hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi i ka mokulele. Hōʻike ia i kahi ʻano o nā kūlana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) e hoʻomalu i ka hana ʻana o nā mokulele māhoe-engine ma nā ala i kahi o ke kahua mokulele kūpono e hiki ai ke pae ulia pōpilikia ma mua o 60 mau minuke. ʻO kāna pahuhopu nui, ʻo ia ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi o nā hana mokulele māhoe-engine, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ala lele holo lōʻihi ma luna o nā moana a me nā ʻāina mamao.
Hāʻawi nā lula ʻo Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards i kahi ʻupena palekana, e hōʻoia ana inā ʻaʻole i hāʻule kekahi ʻenekini, hiki i ka mokulele ke lele ma luna o ka ʻenekini i koe i kahi kahua mokulele kūpono. ʻO kēia lula, he mea maʻalahi paha i ka nānā mua ʻana, he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana mokulele, ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hoʻolālā mokulele, nā kaʻina hana mālama, ka hoʻolālā lele, a me ka ʻoihana waiwai o nā mokulele.
Ua puka mai ka manaʻo ma waho o ka pono, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka noi no ka huakaʻi ea holo lōʻihi. Ma nā ʻāpana aʻe, e ʻimi hohonu mākou i ka mōʻaukala, ka ʻike, ka mea nui, a me ka hopena i ka ʻoihana mokulele.
Ka Moolelo o na Hooponopono ETOPS
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kumu i nā makahiki 1950, kahi manawa i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka hapa nui o nā mokulele kalepa he quad jet, ʻo ia hoʻi he ʻehā mau ʻenekini. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau mokulele ʻoi aku ka palekana no nā huakaʻi lōʻihi ma luna o nā moana a me nā wahi mamao no ka mea inā hāʻule kekahi ʻenekini, hiki i nā mea ʻekolu i koe ke mālama i ka mokulele i ka lewa.
Eia naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā 1980s i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā mokulele māhoe-engine ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wahie, hiki ke lele i nā mamao like me nā quad-jets akā me nā koina hana haʻahaʻa. Ua lilo kēia mau mokulele hou i mea paʻakikī i nā lula e kū nei, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā hoʻoponopono Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards e ka Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) i ka makahiki 1985. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻae wale nā lula i kēia mau mokulele e lele i nā ala e mālama ai iā lākou. i loko o 60 mau minuke mai kahi mokulele ʻē aʻe.
I ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka mokulele māhoe-engine i ko lākou hilinaʻi ʻana, ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka FAA i ka palena, ma mua i 120 mau minuke i ka makahiki 1988, a laila i 180 mau minuke i 1989. kekahi mau kūlana.
Hoomaopopo i na Rula
Pili nui nā lula ETOPS i ka manawa kiʻekiʻe loa e hiki ai i kahi mokulele māhoe-engine ke hele mai ke kahua mokulele kūpono i ka wā o ka pau ʻole o ka mīkini hoʻokahi. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo ka manawa hoʻololi a hōʻike ʻia i nā minuke. No ka laʻana, hiki i kahi mokulele me ka helu ETOPS o 180 minuke ke lele i nā ala e mālama iā ia i loko o 180 mau minuke manawa lele (ma hoʻokahi mīkini) o ke kahua mokulele kūpono kokoke loa.
ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā lula e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻenekini o ka mokulele. Hoʻopili pū ia i nā mea e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mokulele kūpono ma ke ala, ka redundancy ʻōnaehana o ka mokulele, nā kaʻina hana o ka mokulele, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka poʻe holo moku.
Pono ka mokulele e ʻimi ana i ka palapala ETOPS no kekahi ʻano mokulele e hōʻike i ka mana hoʻoponopono hiki iā ia ke hoʻokele i ka mokulele me ka palekana i loko o ka manawa hoʻololi i kuhikuhi ʻia. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana a me nā ʻōnaehana o ka mokulele, a me ka mālama ʻana a me nā kaʻina hana o ka mokulele.
ʻO ka mea nui i ka mokulele
Ua hoʻololi hou ʻo ETOPS i ka ʻoihana mokulele ma ka ʻae ʻana i nā mokulele māhoe-engine e lele i nā ala lōʻihi i mālama ʻia no nā mokulele ʻekolu a me ʻehā. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka mālama ʻana i nā kumukūʻai nui no nā mokulele, mahalo i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka wahie a me nā kumukūʻai mālama o nā mokulele māhoe-engine.
Eia kekahi, ua wehe ʻo ia i nā ala lele pololei, e hōʻemi ana i ka manawa huakaʻi no nā poʻe holo. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ma nā ala e hele ai i ka moana a i ʻole nā wahi mamao, kahi i kaupalena ʻia ai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mokulele kūpono.
Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona palekana, ua alakaʻi i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻolālā mokulele, mālama, a me nā hana. ʻAʻole kēia i hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ka hilinaʻi o nā mokulele twin-engine akā ua hoʻonui pū i ka palekana holoʻokoʻa o ka huakaʻi ea.
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā helu ETOPS like ʻole
Hoʻoholo ʻia nā helu ETOPS e ka manawa hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe loa i hōʻoia ʻia e lele ka mokulele me hoʻokahi mīkini hana ʻole. Aia i kēia manawa ʻehā mau helu ETOPS maʻamau: ETOPS-120, ETOPS-180, ETOPS-240, a me ETOPS-330.
ʻO ka helu -120 e hiki ai i kahi mokulele ke lele i nā ala e mālama iā ia i loko o 120 mau minuke manawa lele (ma hoʻokahi mīkini) o ke kahua mokulele kūpono kokoke loa. Pēlā nō, ʻae nā helu -180, -240, a me -330 i nā manawa hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe o 180, 240, a me 330 mau minuke.
ʻAʻole pili wale ka helu ETOPS o kahi mokulele i ka hiki o ka mokulele. Pono ka mokulele e lawelawe ana i ka mokulele e hoʻokō i nā koi koʻikoʻi o ka hana a me ka mālama ʻana e pili ana i ka helu i makemake ʻia.
Pehea e hālāwai ai nā mokulele i nā koi o ETOPS
Pono nā mokulele e ʻimi ana i ka palapala ETOPS e ʻae i kahi kaʻina hana ʻae e pili ana i ka mokulele a me ka mea hoʻokele. Pono ka mokulele e hōʻike i kona hilinaʻi ma o ke ʻano o nā hoʻāʻo, me nā mokulele lōʻihi me hoʻokahi mīkini hana ʻole.
Pono ka mokulele e hōʻike i kona hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi o ka hana a me ka mālama. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻina hana kikoʻī no ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻouna ʻana, ke aʻo ʻana i nā pailaka e hoʻoponopono i nā hemahema o ka ʻenekini a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi papahana mālama e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka mokulele.
Ke hāʻawi ʻia ka palapala hōʻoia ETOPS, pono ka mokulele e mālama i kona hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi ma o ka loiloi mau a me ka nānā ʻana e ka mana hoʻoponopono.
Ka hopena ma nā ala lele
He hopena koʻikoʻi ko ETOPS i nā ala lele, e wehe ana i nā ala pololei a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma waena o nā moana a me nā wahi mamao. Ua alakaʻi kēia i nā manawa huakaʻi pōkole a me nā kumukūʻai hana no nā mokulele.
Ma mua o ka ETOPS, pono nā huakaʻi lōʻihi e hahai i nā ala kaʻapuni e hiki ai i nā mokulele kūpono. Me ia, hiki i nā mokulele ke lele pololei i nā ala pololei, i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka pōʻai nui," ala, e hahai ana i ka curvature o ka honua a pōkole ka mamao lele.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe pilikia nā pōmaikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā mokulele Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards e noʻonoʻo pono i nā mea e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie, ke ʻano o ka wā, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mokulele kūpono. Pono kēia i nā lako polokalamu hoʻolālā lele a me nā mea hoʻouna lele i aʻo nui ʻia.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ola maoli e hōʻike ana i nā ana palekana ETOPS
Hōʻike ʻo Nā Kūlana Hana Hana Hana Mālua-engine-nui i kona palekana ma o nā hanana ola maoli. E lawe i ka hanana 'Gimli Glider' i ka makahiki 1983: he Air Canada Boeing 767, e alo ana i ka hewa helu wahie, ua pau ka wahie ma waena o ka lele. Akā, ua hoʻolele akamai ka poʻe holo moku i kahi pae palekana ma kahi kahua mokulele kahiko ma Gimli, Manitoba.
A laila aia ka British Airways Flight 9 i ka makahiki 1982. Ua lele ʻo Boeing 747 i ka lehu lua pele, i pau ai nā ʻenekini. Iho iho la na ohua, hoala hou i na enekini, a pae maluhia i Jakarta.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopili pololei ʻia, ua hoʻoikaika kēia mau hanana i ke ʻano o ka ETOPS: e hōʻoia i ka holo ʻana o nā mokulele i kahi mokulele me ka palekana inā pau ka mīkini.
Na Hooponopono e hiki mai ana
ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā hoʻoponopono ETOPS ke nānā aku nei i mea hoʻohiki, me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana mokulele a me nā kaʻina hana. I ka lilo ʻana o nā mokulele māhoe-engine i ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi a me ka hiki, e hoʻonui ʻia paha nā manawa hoʻololi.
Aia kekahi mau kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loina Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards i nā mokulele ʻekolu a me ʻehā, me ka ʻike ʻana ʻaʻole pili wale ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻenekini i ka helu o nā ʻenekini.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pahuhopu hope loa o ka mea like: e hōʻoia i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka palekana i nā hana mokulele māhoe-engine.
Panina
Hōʻike ʻia nā Manaʻo Hana Hana Hana Mālua-engine i hoʻonui ʻia i kahi mea nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka mokulele hou. ʻAʻole i ʻae wale kāna mau lula a me nā lula i nā mokulele māhoe-engine e lele i nā ala lōʻihi me ka maikaʻi loa, akā ua kau pū lākou i nā kūlana hou no ka hilinaʻi o ka mokulele, nā kaʻina hana, a me ka palekana.
Ke nānā nei mākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua maopopo ka hoʻomau ʻana o kēia mau lula i ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻoihana mokulele. ʻO kāna mau loina o ka palekana, ka pono, a me ka hilinaʻi e alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mokulele hou, ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ala lele, a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā kaʻina hana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards ma mua o kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā lula; he hōʻike ia i ka noʻonoʻo a me ke kūpaʻa o ka ʻoihana mokulele i kāna ʻimi e hana i ka holo ʻana o ka ea i palekana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Mākaukau e lele i ka honua o ETOPS? E ʻimi i ke alakaʻi hope loa ma nā kānāwai ETOPS a e ʻike i kahi ʻano hou o ka palekana a me ka pono o ka mokulele. Inā he mea hoʻokele waʻa ʻoe a hoʻomaka paha i kāu huakaʻi, ʻO Florida Flyers Flight Academy eia e alakaʻi iā ʻoe ma o ka honua paʻakikī o ETOPS. E lele pū kākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka huakaʻi ea palekana a maikaʻi!
Kāhea iā mā˚ou a i ʻole e kelepona iā Florida Flyers Team ma + 1 904 209 3510 e lilo i mea hoʻokele holomua i hōʻoia ʻia.
